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Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.
Abstract
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures.
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“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
In the citing paper
“While in some studies physiological synchrony was found to be related to positive affect (Chanel et al. 2012; Danyluck and Page‐Gould 2018), empathy (Chatel‐Goldman et al. 2014), and group cohesion (Gordon et al. 2020), others observed a positive relationship between physiological synchrony and negative affect (Wilson et al. 2018) or distress in couples (Levenson and Gottman 1983), suggesting that”
From Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman 1983
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, autonomic mimicry can also occur without any direct physical contact (Levenson and Gottman, 1983;Palumbo et al., 2016).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
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BackgroundInterpersonal Coordination of HeadMotion in Distressed Couples
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InfluentialSelf-citationThe negative reciprocity process in marital relationships: A literature review
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“…physiology (Bernieri, 1988; Bernieri, Davis, Rosenthal, & Knee, 1994; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Håvås, Svartberg, & Ulvenes, 2015; LaFrance, 1985; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; McFarland, 2001; Niederhoffer & Pennebaker, 2002), with findings generally suggesting that higher levels of matching are…”
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“…mimicry occurred on a completely uncon-scious and uncontrollable level, such as with pupil mimicry (Kret et al., 2015) or physiological synchrony (e.g., Behrens et al., 2020; Galbusera et al., 2019; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Prochazkova et al., 2022; for a review, see Prochazkova and Kret, 2017).”
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“Autonomic reactivity and emotion regulation play an important role in the partners’ communication within a romantic relationship (Roisman, 2007) and were found to predict marital dissatisfaction and even divorce (Gottman & Levenson, 1992; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Levenson & Gottman, 1985).”
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“As noted at the outset of the section on marital interaction, Levenson and Gottman (1983) were able to explain 60% of the variance in spouses' average marital satisfaction scores from spouses' levels of physiological linkage during a conflict discussion.”
InfluentialMood reactivity to marital conflict: The influence of marital dissatisfaction and depression
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“In their longitudinal work with 30 married couples, Levenson and Gottman (1983, 1985) also found that both husbands’ and wives’ skin conductance during laboratory conflict episodes and conversations about daily events in 1980 were significantly associated with declines in their marital satisfaction…”
BackgroundHighlight Detection in Movie Scenes Through Inter-users, Physiological Linkage
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“Consequently, affect can spread and amplify within groups so that affect may appear naturally synchronized among group members (e.g., Levenson and Gottman 1983).”
BackgroundInfluentialDepression and Marital Dysfunction: Cognitive and Behavioral Linkages
Epstein, N. B. (1984) · International Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/00207411.1984.11448978 · Cited by 29
Clifton, J., Seehuus, M., & Rellini, A. H. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12423 · Cited by 28
“…match of subjective experience to other types of experience (i.e., physiological), and provided an ability for researchers to use time-series analyses to compare various types of experiences (Gottman & Levenson, 1985; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Wincze, Venditti, Barlow, & Mavissakalian, 1980).”
Randall, A. K., Corkery, S. A., Duggi, D. B., Kamble, S. V., & Butler, E. A. (2011) · Family Science · doi:10.1080/19424620.2012.665378 · Cited by 30
“Prior research showing associations between lower relationship quality and negative synchrony either focused on conflict conversations (Levenson & Gottman, 1983) or had a sample with a wide range of marital satisfaction (Saxbe & Repetti, 2010).”
BackgroundForms and Functions of Affective Synchrony
Wood, A., Lipson, J., Zhao, O., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78471-3_17 · Cited by 33
Sung, G., Bhinder, H., Feng, T., & Schneider, B. (2023) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104784 · Cited by 28
Raby, K. L., Roisman, G. I., Simpson, J. A., Collins, W. A., & Steele, R. D. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614563340 · Cited by 28
“Early research in this area established cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between SNS reactivity and the quality of adults’ interactions with their romantic partners (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundPerspective-taking influences autonomic attunement between partners during discussion of conflict
Nelson, B. W., Laurent, S. M., Bernstein, R., & Laurent, H. K. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407515626595 · Cited by 25
“In line with this reasoning, research in married couples reporting relationship difficulties has shown that strong sympathetic nervous system attunement (heart rate and skin conductance) during a conflict related to decreased relational satisfaction (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundResultBalconi, M., Cassioli, F., Fronda, G., & Vanutelli, M. E. (2019) · Neuropsychological Trends · doi:10.7358/neur-2019-026-bal2 · Cited by 27
“These indices can easily measure some reactions during interpersonal processes, like empathy (Levenson & Ruef, 1992) and affective behaviors (Adolphs, 2003; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Vanutelli, Gatti, Angioletti, & Balconi, 2017).”
BackgroundShort alleles, bigger smiles? The effect of 5-HTTLPR on positive emotional expressions.
Haase, C. M., Beermann, U., Saslow, L. R., Shiota, M. N., Saturn, S. R., Lwi, S. J., Casey, J., Nguyen, N. K., Whalen, P. K., Keltner, D. J., et al. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000074 · Cited by 26
“Over approximately a 20-year period, couples came to the laboratory every 5–6 years and participated in a wellestablished procedure for studying marital interaction (Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1994; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
Self-citationCompensatory effects of emotion avoidance in adult development
Jain, E., & Labouvie‐Vief, G. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.008 · Cited by 31
Using Agreement on Direction of Change to Build Rank-Based Emotion Classifiers
Parthasarathy, S., Cowie, R., & Busso, C. (2016) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio Speech and Language Processing · doi:10.1109/taslp.2016.2593944 · Cited by 27
“An interesting light on that point is that the claim made for the first continuous rating system was that it revealed differences in the way people perceived the same episode [29].”
BackgroundFischer, M. S., Baucom, D. H., Baucom, B., Abramowitz, J. S., Kirby, J. S., & Bulik, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000251 · Cited by 27
“To date, coregulation in couples conceptualized as covariation (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Ran-dall, Post, Reed, & Butler, 2013; Saxbe & Repetti, 2010) and coupling (Boker & Laurenceau, 2006; Gottman, Swanson, & Mur-ray, 1999; Helm, Sbarra, & Ferrer, 2012) has only been examined in couples…”
Schermerhorn, A. C. (2018) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518762606 · Cited by 26
“This conceptualization is based on studies showing spouses’ emotions during conflict are strongly associated with marital distress and later dissolution (Gottman & Levenson, 1992; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundTraining in psychotherapy: a call for embodied and psychophysiological approaches
Gennaro, A., Kleinbub, J. R., Mannarini, S., Salvatore, S., & Palmieri, A. (2019) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2019.395 · Cited by 28
“…2007), stress contagion (e.g., Waters, Wes, & Mendes, 2014), attachment security (e.g., Diamond, Hicks, & Otter-Henderson, 2008), conflict (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983), and emotional regulation (e.g., Field, 2012), and have been proposed as indices of relational efficacy in various…”
BackgroundPrior, N. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01370 · Cited by 27
Sharing the load: Contagion and tolerance of mood in social networks.
Block, P., & Heyes, S. B. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000952 · Cited by 30
Different bumps in the road: The emotional dynamics of couple disagreements in Belgium and Japan.
Boiger, M., Kirchner‐Häusler, A., Schouten, A., Uchida, Y., & Mesquita, B. (2020) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000910 · Cited by 25
Self-control linked with restricted emotional extremes
Layton, R. L., & Muraven, M. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.10.004 · Cited by 32
“The Affect Dial-General Emotion (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; film ratings, Rottenberg et al., 2007) measures continuous emotion fluctuations, which can be used to calculate general emotional intensity and variability.”
BackgroundKupperbusch, C., LEVENSON, R. W., & Ebling, R. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407503020003004 · Cited by 25
“…less positive affect and more negative affect during marital interaction were associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction (Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1994; Levenson & Gottman, 1983) and predicted decreases in marital satisfaction three years later (Levenson & Gottman, 1985).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationEbling, R., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2003) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00130.x · Cited by 25
“This finding is very reminiscent of our previous studies (Gottman & Levenson, 1992; Levenson & Gottman, 1983) where it is the negative emotions and particularly the ‘‘judgmental’’ ones (e.g., disgust, contempt, criticism) that are most closely associated with marital distress.”
ResultSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Levenson, Robert W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 587-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2143250836
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- marital interaction, marital satisfaction, marital distress, marital conflict, heart rate, skin conductance, somatic activity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Motor Activity, Psychophysiology, Pulse
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