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Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.
Abstract
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures.
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“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
In the citing paper
“While in some studies physiological synchrony was found to be related to positive affect (Chanel et al. 2012; Danyluck and Page‐Gould 2018), empathy (Chatel‐Goldman et al. 2014), and group cohesion (Gordon et al. 2020), others observed a positive relationship between physiological synchrony and negative affect (Wilson et al. 2018) or distress in couples (Levenson and Gottman 1983), suggesting that”
From Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman 1983
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, autonomic mimicry can also occur without any direct physical contact (Levenson and Gottman, 1983;Palumbo et al., 2016).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
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Marriage and health: His and hers
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., & Newton, T. L. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.127.4.472 · Cited by 2,460
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“For instance, EDA was recorded during stressful marital interactions (Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundPositive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions
L. Fredrickson, B., & Levenson, R. W. (1998) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999398379718 · Cited by 1,592
“A pOSItive-negative affective measure, developed by Levenson and Gottman (1983), was used to obtain continuous reports of affect during the study.”
MethodSelf-citationMarital quality and health: A meta-analytic review.
Robles, T. F., Slatcher, R. B., Trombello, J. M., & McGinn, M. M. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031859 · Cited by 1,764
Social class, solipsism, and contextualism: How the rich are different from the poor.
Kraus, M. W., Piff, P. K., Mendoza-Denton, R., Rheinschmidt, M. L., & Keltner, D. (2012) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0028756 · Cited by 1,397
The Undoing Effect of Positive Emotions
Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1010796329158 · Cited by 1,290
“A positive–negative affect rating dial, developed by Levenson and Gottman (1983), was used to obtain on-line, continuous reports of affect during the study.”
MethodDuration neglect in retrospective evaluations of affective episodes.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Kahneman, D. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.1.45 · Cited by 1,228
“…cues about their past experiences, allowing them to relive these episodes to some degree and thus provide richer retrospective evaluations (e.g., cued-review method used by Rosenberg & Ekman, in press, and video-recall method used by Fredrickson, 1991, and originally by Levenson & Gottman , 1983).”
MethodThe Tie That Binds? Coherence Among Emotion Experience, Behavior, and Physiology.
Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175 · Cited by 1,201
Self-citationMarital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view.
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.57.1.47 · Cited by 1,105
Self-citationEmotion regulation and culture: are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific?
Butler, E. A., Lee, T. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.30 · Cited by 986
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“…conditions, the ability to modulate display of negative emotions can foster the recovery of normal functioning (Bonanno & Keltner, 1997), help maintain and expand social networks (Coyne, 1976; Harber & Pennebaker, 1992), and facilitate close personal relationships (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
Attributions in marriage: Review and critique.
Bradbury, T. N., & Fincham, F. D. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.1.3 · Cited by 925
The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings
Aron, A., Melinat, E., Aron, E. N., Vallone, R. D., & Bator, R. J. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297234003 · Cited by 902
Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health.
Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.63.2.221 · Cited by 899
Self-citationHalberstadt, A. G., Denham, S. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2001) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00150 · Cited by 801
“Third, the Levenson and Gottman (1983) technique of videotaping in vivo events and then asking the participants to rate themselves continuously (using a dial) while watching their videotaped interactions may be useful for children in the elementary school years as well as older children and adults.”
MethodEmotion, Social Function, and Psychopathology
Keltner, D., & Kring, A. M. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.320 · Cited by 773
“…those concerned with the synchrony of individuals' emotions (e.g., Field et al., 1988), the extent to which negative emotions are reciprocated (Levenson & Gottman, 1983), and the contingency between one individual's emotion and another's social behavior (Cohn & Tronick, 1987; Field, 1995).”
BackgroundBurman, B., & Margolin, G. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.39 · Cited by 733
Marital interaction and satisfaction: A longitudinal view.
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.1.47 · Cited by 1,104
“…couples, which has been reported in laboratories in the United States as well as in Europe (Gottman , 1979; Hahlweg, Revenstorf, & Schindler, 1984; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Margolin & Wampold, 1981; Raush, Barry, Hertel, & Swain, 1974; Revenstorf, Hahlweg, Schindler, & Vogel , 1985; Schaap,…”
MethodSelf-citationEmpathy: A physiological substrate.
Levenson, R. W., & Ruef, A. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.234 · Cited by 709
Self-citationThe role of mindfulness in romantic relationship satisfaction and responses to relationship stress
Barnes, S., Brown, K. W., Krusemark, E., Campbell, W. K., & Rogge, R. D. (2007) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.2007.00033.x · Cited by 666
“This sequence generally followed the interaction procedures used by Gottman and others for the study of dating and marital couple conflict (e.g., Gottman, Coan, Carrere, & Swanson, 1998; Fritz, Nagurney, & Helgeson, 2003; Levenson & Gottman, 1983 ).”
MethodMarital quality, marital disruption, and immune function.
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Fisher, L. D., Ogrocki, P. K., Stout, J. C., Speicher, C. E., & Glaser, R. (1987) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198701000-00002 · Cited by 660
“Levenson RW, Gottman JM: Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction.”
BackgroundPersonality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.
Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.27 · Cited by 612
Emotional behavior in long-term marriage.
Carstensen, L. L., Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1995) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.10.1.140 · Cited by 579
Self-citationInterpersonal autonomic physiology: a systematic review of the literature
Palumbo, R. V., Marraccini, M. E., Weyandt, L. L., Wilder-Smith, O., McGee, H. A., Liu, S., & Goodwin, M. S. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316628405 · Cited by 566
“For example, coherence analysis assesses cyclical patterns in the frequency domain (e.g., Henning et al., 2001), whereas bivariate time-series analysis addresses linear relationships in the time domain (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
InfluentialWaugh, C. E., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500510569 · Cited by 591
“Studies have consistently shown that negative emotions do not lead to satisfactory and close relationships (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; see Schaap, Buunk, & Kerkstra, 1988 for review).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialTronick, E., & Reck, C. (2009) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220902899714 · Cited by 530
The effects of “phubbing” on social interaction
Chotpitayasunondh, V., & Douglas, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12506 · Cited by 593
“By contrast, studies have revealed that negative affect does not lead to close relationships and relationship satisfaction (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
ResultTotterdell, P. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.6.848 · Cited by 525
Decade Review: Observing Marital Interaction
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2000) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00927.x · Cited by 522
Self-citationRespiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction
Butler, E. A., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00467.x · Cited by 520
“This procedure, developed by Levenson and Gottman (Gottman & Levenson, 1988; Levenson & Gottman, 1983 ), has been shown to be a valid and sensitive measure of emotional experience (Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998; Gottman & Levenson, 1988; Tsai & Levenson, 1997).”
MethodToward an integrative perspective on bereavement.
Bonanno, G. A., & Kaltman, S. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.125.6.760 · Cited by 500
Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology.
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The Assessment of Marital Quality: A Reevaluation
Fincham, F. D., & Bradbury, T. N. (1987) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351973 · Cited by 489
PSYCHOLOGY AND THE STUDY OF MARITAL PROCESSES
Gottman, J. M. (1998) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.169 · Cited by 487
Self-citationLong-term marriage: Age, gender, and satisfaction.
LEVENSON, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., & Gottman, J. M. (1993) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.301 · Cited by 485
“In our previous collaborative research on marriage, we have studied relatively young couples, with the mean age of spouses being 27 years in one sample (Levenson & Gottman, 1983) and 30 years in another (Gottman & Levenson, 1992).”
Self-citationNielsen, L., Riddle, M., King, J. W., Aklin, W. M., Chen, W., Clark, D., Collier, E., Czajkowski, S., Esposito, L., Ferrer, R., et al. (2018) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.002 · Cited by 446
“…assays) (Coan, Schaefer & Davidson, 2006; Crowell et al., 2014; Ferrer & Helm, 2013; Janicki, Kamarck, Shiffman, & Gwaltney, 2006; Kiecolt-Glaser, Gouin, & Hantsoo, 2010; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Rilling & Sanfey, 2011; Roche, Pincus, Rebar, Conroy, & Ram, 2014; Snyder, Heyman, & Haynes, 2005).”
The Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
LEVENSON, R. W. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379159 · Cited by 463
“There is a personal irony in this as well because a large port ion of my empirical work on emotion has been concerned with studying emotion as it arises in interpersonal contexts such as in intimate relationships (e.g. Levenson, Carstensen, & Gottman, 1994; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHow Emotions Work: The Social Functions of Emotional Expression in Negotiations
Morris, M. W., & Keltner, D. J. (2000) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(00)22002-9 · Cited by 447
Interpersonal Processes In Close Relationships
Clark, M. S., & Reis, H. T. (1988) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.39.020188.003141 · Cited by 445
“For example, Levenson & Gottman (1983) videotaped couples in three situations: waiting together, discussing events of the day, and discussing marital problems.”
BackgroundTemporal Interpersonal Emotion Systems: The “TIES” That Form Relationships
Butler, E. A. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868311411164 · Cited by 444
“…lag sequential analysis, which is an approach that assesses whether pairs of observed emotional behaviors or self-reported emotional experiences follow each other sequentially between interaction partners at greater than chance rates (Allison & Liker, 1982; Gottman, 1979; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundLEVENSON, R. W., Carstensen, L. L., & Gottman, J. M. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.1.56 · Cited by 443
Self-citationConnecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion
Prochazkova, E., & Kret, M. E. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.013 · Cited by 433
“Interestingly, autonomic mimicry can also occur without any direct physical contact (Levenson and Gottman, 1983; Palumbo et al., 2016).”
Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction.
LEVENSON, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.1.85 · Cited by 437
“Neither group, however, has been as successful as we have been using physiological measures (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationEl-Sheikh, M., Harger, J., & Whitson, S. M. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00369 · Cited by 396
“…are less modulated by vagal regulation than anxiety, and illuminates that there are multiple pathways of effect for children’s adjustment (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983) and that other moderating variables may be more strongly involved in this relation (e.g., parent–child relations and…”
How, when, and why bad apples spoil the barrel: negative group members and dysfunctional groups
Felps, W., Mitchell, T. R., & Byington, E. (2006) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0191-3085(06)27005-9 · Cited by 395
Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. (1996) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007008 · Cited by 395
Language style matching in writing: synchrony in essays, correspondence, and poetry.
Ireland, M. E., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020386 · Cited by 380
Facial expressions of emotion and the course of conjugal bereavement
Bonanno, G. A., & Keltner, D. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.1.126 · Cited by 379
Evidence of mood linkage in work groups
Totterdell, P., Kellett, S., Teuchmann, K., & Briner, R. B. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1504 · Cited by 368
Marci, C. D., Ham, J., Moran, E., & Orr, S. P. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253731.71025.fc · Cited by 364
“The present SC concordance measure moves beyond counting peaks and evaluating mean levels and offers an alternative to the only other published continuous time-series approach to physiologic measures during social interaction (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundTranslating emotion theory and research into preventive interventions.
Izard, C. E. (2002) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.5.796 · Cited by 376
Affective Events and the Development of Leader-Member Exchange
Cropanzano, R., Dasborough, M. T., & Weiss, H. M. (2016) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0384 · Cited by 388
Buehlman, K. T., Gottman, J. M., & Katz, L. F. (1992) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.5.3-4.295 · Cited by 349
Self-citationEffects of Visual and Verbal Interaction on Unintentional Interpersonal Coordination.
Richardson, M. J., Marsh, K. L., & Schmidt, R. C. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62 · Cited by 363
“…has used tasks in which pairs of participants discuss marital conflict (Gottman & Levenson , 1985; Julien, Brault, Chartrand, & Begin, 2000; Levenson & Gottman, 1983), debate about a topic they disagree on, or simply try to get to know the other person (Bernieri et al., 1994; Bernieri et…”
MethodFrom a distance: Implications of spontaneous self-distancing for adaptive self-reflection.
Ayduk, Ö., & Kross, E. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019205 · Cited by 347
Heyman, R. E. (2001) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.13.1.5 · Cited by 341
LEVENSON, R. W. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.016 · Cited by 376
Self-citationCowan, C. P., Cowan, P. A., Heming, G., Garrett, E., COYSH, W. S., Curtis-Boles, H. A., & BOLES, A. J. (1985) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251385006004004 · Cited by 332
For better or worse? Coregulation of couples’ cortisol levels and mood states
Saxbe, D., & Repetti, R. L. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016959 · Cited by 324
Passion for an activity and quality of interpersonal relationships: The mediating role of emotions.
Philippe, F. L., Vallerand, R. J., Houlfort, N., Lavigne, G. L., & Donahue, E. G. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018017 · Cited by 324
Emotion Regulation in Romantic Relationships: The Cognitive Consequences of Concealing Feelings
Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030205002 · Cited by 323
“Based on procedures adapted from Levenson and Gottman (1983), the experimenter (blind to condition assignment) then asked partners several questions about this topic ‘to get some concrete thoughts and ideas out there so that you two, without my involvement, can discuss this topic of disagreement…”
MethodPalkovitz, R. J., & Sussman, M. B. (2014) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315791654 · Cited by 321
Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.5.899 · Cited by 1,029
Emotion regulation predicts marital satisfaction: More than a wives’ tale.
Bloch, L., Haase, C. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034272 · Cited by 377
“…emotion experienced and expressed during marital interaction; Carstensen, Gottman, & Levenson, 1995; Gottman, Coan, Carrere, & Swanson, 1998; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985; Matthews, Wickrama, & Conger, 1996; Waldinger, Schulz, Hauser, Allen, & Crowell, 2004), emotional self-awareness…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDutton, D. G., & Corvo, K. (2006) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2006.01.007 · Cited by 308
“Using techniques for assessing marital interaction that originated with Levenson and Gottman (1983) and assessed three dimensions of marital interaction, positive–negative affect, reciprocity and asymmetry, a University of Washington study focused marital interaction techniques on domestic violence.”
BackgroundMethodCoherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion
Rosenberg, E. L., & Ekman, P. (1994) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939408408938 · Cited by 315
Prevention of marital distress: A longitudinal investigation.
Markman, H. J., Floyd, F. J., Stanley, S. M., & Storaasli, R. D. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.2.210 · Cited by 297
Marital quality and gender differences in parent-child interaction.
Kerig, P. K., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.6.931 · Cited by 304
The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment.
Skowron, E. A. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.229 · Cited by 296
Marital discord and immunity in males.
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Kennedy, S., Malkoff, S. B., Fisher, L. D., Speicher, C. E., & Glaser, R. (1988) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198805000-00001 · Cited by 292
“Levenson RW, Gottman JM: Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.”
BackgroundA valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.53.2.151 · Cited by 281
Self-citationA valid procedure for obtaining self-report of affect in marital interaction.
Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1985) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.53.2.151 · Cited by 281
Self-citationFlexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience
Waugh, C. E., Thompson, R. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021786 · Cited by 278
“Continuous affective rating— Participants rated their affect continuously throughout the task with a rating dial (Waugh, Fredrickson, et al., 2008), a modification of previously validated continuous affective rating procedures (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993).”
MethodMarital Research in the 20th Century and a Research Agenda for the 21st Century
Gottman, J. M., & Notarius, C. I. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41203.x · Cited by 293
Self-citationTsai, J. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1997) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022197285006 · Cited by 278
Self-citationMikulincer, M., Florian, V., Cowan, P. A., & Cowan, C. P. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.41309.x · Cited by 271
“Although significant correlations between self-reports and observations are consistently found, it is rare that one measure explains more than 25% of the variance in the other (cf. Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundAffective and physiological responses to the suffering of others: Compassion and vagal activity.
Stellar, J. E., Cohen, A., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000010 · Cited by 271
“We relied on a technique pioneered by Levenson and Gottman (1983) wherein participants re-watch an emotional stimulus a second time while continuously rating with a rating dial the emotions they experienced in the original encounter with the stimulus.”
InfluentialThe many faces of emotional contagion
Elfenbein, H. A. (2014) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/2041386614542889 · Cited by 312
“From the marital literature, Levenson and Gottman (1983) found that satisfied couples were less likely to catch their partners’ negative affect.”
In and out of synchrony—Behavioral and physiological dynamics of dyadic interpersonal coordination
Mayo, O., & Gordon, I. (2020) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13574 · Cited by 264
“This has been acknowledged especially in the fields of emotional and physiological synchrony (e.g., Gates, GatzkeKopp, Sandsten, & Blandon, 2015; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundBARNETT, R. C., Marshall, N. L., Raudenbush, S. W., & Brennan, R. T. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.64.5.794 · Cited by 259
Timmons, A. C., Margolin, G., & Saxbe, D. E. (2015) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000115 · Cited by 255
“Out of 17 tests, 13 significant (e.g., Hasler & Troxel, 2010; Helm et al., 2012, 2014; Hubler, 2013; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Liu et al., 2013; Saxbe & Repetti, 2010; Schneiderman et al., 2014) and four nonsignificant effects (Levenson & Gottman, 1985; Reed et al., 2013; Sauder, 2001; Thomsen &…”
InfluentialReconceptualizing Emotion Regulation
Campos, J. J., Walle, E. A., Dahl, A., & Main, A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380975 · Cited by 245
The marital context of depression: research, limitations, and new directions
Rehman, U. S., Gollan, J., & Mortimer, A. R. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.04.007 · Cited by 242
“First, studies reveal that physiological measures of affect account for a significant amount of variance in couples' satisfaction scores, above and beyond the variance accounted for by the behavioral and behavioral/affective codes (e.g., Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundGottman, J. M., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2002) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000083.x · Cited by 260
Self-citationSocial psychophysiology and emotion : theory and clinical applications
Wagner, H. L. (1988) · Cited by 241
Coherence between emotional experience and physiology: Does body awareness training have an impact?
Sze, J. A., Gyurak, A., Yuan, J. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0020146 · Cited by 233
“…marital interactions, we developed a rating dial methodology for obtaining continuous ratings of subjective emotional experience (Gottman & Levenson, 1985; Levenson & Gottman, 1983) that we subsequently adopted to obtain continuous ratings of subjective emotional experience (Mauss et al., 2005).”
MethodSelf-citationStress Contagion: Physiological Covariation Between Mothers and Infants
Waters, S. F., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613518352 · Cited by 231
“In a seminal study, physiological linkage in married couples during a conflict conversation was a significant predictor of self-reported marital dissatisfaction in both partners (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
Pace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221
“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
Test of an argumentative skill deficiency model of interspousal violence
Infante, D. A., Chandler, T. A., & Rudd, J. E. (1989) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637758909390257 · Cited by 228
Waugh, C. E., Fredrickson, B. L., & Taylor, S. F. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.02.005 · Cited by 245
“…M anuscript Continuous affective rating and recovery—Participants rated their affect continuously throughout the task with a rating dial (Mauss et al., 2005), a modification of previously validated continuous affective rating procedures (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Fredrickson & Kahneman, 1993).”
MethodMarital conflict and endocrine function: Are men really more physiologically affected than women?
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Newton, T. L., Cacioppo, J. T., MacCallum, R. C., Glaser, R., & Malarkey, W. B. (1996) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.64.2.324 · Cited by 223
“In three reports, the researchers did not compare the magnitude of wives' and husbands' physiological changes during conflict or assess relationships between behavior during conflict and physiological data (Levenson et al., 1994; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundStrategic regulation of empathy
Weisz, E., & Cikara, M. (2021) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2020.12.002 · Cited by 217
Love and the commitment problem in romantic relations and friendship.
Gonzaga, G. C., Keltner, D., Londahl, E. A., & Smith, M. D. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.247 · Cited by 321
Emotional Labor Dynamics: A Momentary Approach
Gabriel, A. S., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2015) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2013.1135 · Cited by 206
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FAMILY INTERVENTIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF PHYSICAL ILLNESS
Campbell, T. L., & Patterson, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1995.tb00178.x · Cited by 198
Three Rs of Interpersonal Consumer Guilt: Relationship, Reciprocity, Reparation
Dahl, D. W., Honea, H., & Manchanda, R. V. (2005) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15327663jcp1504_5 · Cited by 198
Metadata
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Levenson, Robert W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 587-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2143250836
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- marital interaction, marital satisfaction, marital distress, marital conflict, heart rate, skin conductance, somatic activity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Motor Activity, Psychophysiology, Pulse
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