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Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange.
Abstract
Thirty married couples were studied during naturalistic interactions to determine the extent to which variation in marital satisfaction could be accounted for by physiological and affective patterns between and within spouses. The authors hypothesized that (a) compared to nondistressed couples' interactions, distressed couples' interactions would show greater physiological interrelatedness or "linkage," more negative affect, and more reciprocity of negative affect and (b) these differences would be more pronounced when the interaction was high in conflict (discussing a marital problem) as opposed to low in conflict (discussing the events of the day). Heart rate, skin conductance, pulse transmission time, and somatic activity from both spouses were analyzed using bivariate time-series techniques to derive a measure of physiological linkage. Self-report affective data (obtained using a video-recall procedure) were analyzed using sequential analyses to derive a measure of affect reciprocity. The hypotheses were strongly supported; 60% of the variance in marital satisfaction was accounted for using measures of physiological linkage alone. Additional nonredundant variance was accounted for by the other physiological and affective measures.
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“For example, one study showed that 60% of the variance in marital dissatisfaction was accounted for by stronger physiologic linkage between partners during conflict (Levenson and Gottman, 1983).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
In the citing paper
“While in some studies physiological synchrony was found to be related to positive affect (Chanel et al. 2012; Danyluck and Page‐Gould 2018), empathy (Chatel‐Goldman et al. 2014), and group cohesion (Gordon et al. 2020), others observed a positive relationship between physiological synchrony and negative affect (Wilson et al. 2018) or distress in couples (Levenson and Gottman 1983), suggesting that”
From Interpersonal Physiological Synchrony During Dyadic Joint Action Is Increased by Task Novelty and Reduced by Social Anxiety (2025) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman 1983
In the citing paper
“Interestingly, autonomic mimicry can also occur without any direct physical contact (Levenson and Gottman, 1983;Palumbo et al., 2016).”
From Connecting minds and sharing emotions through mimicry: A neurocognitive model of emotional contagion (2017) · cites this paper as Levenson and Gottman, 1983
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“This finding is in line with Levenson and Gottman (1983), who reported the highest levels of physiological linkage during the expression of emotions by distressed couples in conflict discussions.”
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“This procedure was originally developed for studying marital interactions in healthy couples (Levenson & Gottman, 1983), but has also been used with dementia patients and their caregivers (Ascher et al., 2010; Sturm et al., 2011).”
MethodSelf-citationAttachment and expectations about future relationships: Moderation by accessibility
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“Studies using married couples have found that physiological compliance can help differentiate whether couples “liked” or “disliked” one another (Kaplan, Burch, & Bloom, 1964) as well as account for some of the variance in marital satisfaction (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
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“…facial expressions (Altmann et al., 2021; Riehle et al., 2017), scratching and yawning (Diana et al., 2023; Schut et al., 2015),and motion activity (Altmann et al., 2020) and align their level of physiological arousal (Feldman et al., 2011; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Prochazkova et al., 2018).”
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Using Network Analysis for Examining Interpersonal Emotion Dynamics
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“…representing one facet of partners’ emotional linkage) is stronger among non-distressed couples (e.g. Helm, Sbarra, & Ferrer, 2014), other studies found it to be stronger among distressed couples (e.g. Gates, Gatzke-Kopp, Sandsten, & Blandon, 2015; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Saxbe & Repetti, 2010).”
ResultAffective and physiological synchrony in friendships during late adolescence
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“…within the dyad generally match their level of physiological arousal to one another during periods of stress or conflict (Coutinho et al., 2019; Helm et al., 2012; Nelson et al., 2017; Saxbe, & Repetti, 2010) as well as their affective states (Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Randall et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMother–adolescent emotion dynamics during conflicts: Associations with perspective taking.
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“Participants rated their experiences of stress using the Perception Analyzer (PA)® rating system using a rating dial, which collects second-by-second experiential data (see Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
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“…to the interdependence of physiological responses between two people, including coregulation, coupling, covariation, synchrony, and linkage (Chatel-Goldman, Congedo, Jutten, & Schwartz, 2014; Helm, Sbarra, & Ferrer, 2014; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Papp, Pendry, & Adam, 2009; Waters et al., 2014).”
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Mother–child adrenocortical synchrony: Roles of maternal overcontrol and child developmental phase
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Alliance Formations in Couple Therapy: A Multimodal and Multimethod Study
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BackgroundWomen as active agents: Female perpetrators of sexual harassment and domestic abuse.
Douglass, M. D., D'Aguanno, S., & Jones, S. (2020) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000171 · Cited by 24
“However, the evidence suggests that women are capable of engaging in unprovoked, recurring abuse that results in substantial levels of physical and psychological harm (e.g. Hines, Brown, & Dunning, 2007; Hogan, Hegarty, Ward, & Dodd, 2012; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Stets & Straus, 1992a, 1992b).”
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The Fundamental Tools, and Possibly Universals, of Human Social Cognition
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“As a result, emotional contagion can increase rapport in some cases ( La France, 1982 ) but escalate confl ict or instigate crowd violence in others ( Levenson & Gottman, 1983 ; Patten & Arboleda-Flórez, 2004 ).”
BackgroundBehavior state matching during interactions of preadolescent friends versus acquaintances.
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“This idea has not been uncontested—indeed, some researchers have suggested that synchrony driven by the sympathetic nervous system or synchrony across cortisol levels may predict relational distress rather than relational satisfaction.(37,38) Despite this, there is evidence to suggest that increased closeness and attu…”
BackgroundThe Big Chill: Interpersonal Coldness and Emotion‐Labeling Skills
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“An approach similar to that of the present study was used by Gottman and Levenson (1985; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985 ), who employed a joystick or knob to have subjects rate how they had been feeling during a marital interaction as they watched a videotaped replay.”
MethodMajor and daily stress and psychopathology: On the adequacy of the definitions and methods
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ResultInfluentialGroups as organisms: Implications for therapy and training
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“…some studies suggest that insecure attachment can hamper one’s emotional and stress regulation (Diamond et al., 2008; Feeney & Kirkpatrick, 1996; Levenson & Gottman, 1983; Saxbe & Repetti, 2010), and the ability to regulate the experience of pain in the presence of one’s partner (Krahé et al.,…”
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“Marital distress has been operationalized either in terms of interaction styles and behaviors, such as a breakdown in communication and ineffective problem solving skills between two people in a committed relationship (Levenson and Gottman, 1983; Notarius and Johnson, 1982; Sabourin, Laporte, and Wright, 1990), or in…”
BackgroundThe endocrinology of female friendships: Cortisol and progesterone attunement after separation
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“Concordance of physiology among couples has also been related to marital satisfaction and health (Helm et al., 2014; Levenson & Gottman, 1983, 1985).”
BackgroundAppraisals of Child Behavior by Mothers of Problem and Nonproblem Toddlers
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“The dial apparatus was used to obtain mothers' ratings of positive or negative child behavior and was patterned after the device used by Levenson and Gottman (1983) to obtain continuous self-ratings of marital dyads' affect.”
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Matsumoto, D., & Wilson, M. (2022) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/00220221221084236 · Cited by 15
“…of controversy, the 1980s saw a renewal of studies of emotion and physiology (using facial expressions as markers of emotion; Ekman et al., 1983; Gottman & Levenson, 1986; Levenson, 1988; Levenson & Gottman, 1983) that laid the groundwork for cross-cultural studies on physiology in the next decade.”
Shrout, M. R., Black, A. E., Wilson, S. J., Renna, M. E., Madison, A. A., Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., & Reis, H. T. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108500 · Cited by 15
“During conflict, dissatisfied partners ’ physiology (interbeat intervals, HR, pulse transmission time, movement, and EDA) was higher and more similar compared to that of their satisfied peers (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
ResultObserving conversational laughter in frontotemporal dementia
Pressman, P., Simpson, M. L., Gola, K. A., Shdo, S. M., Spinelli, E. G., Miller, B. L., Gorno‐Tempini, M. L., Rankin, K. P., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2017) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-314931 · Cited by 15
Self-citationPronoun Use during Patient-Caregiver Interactions: Associations with Caregiver Well-Being
Connelly, D. E., Verstaen, A., Brown, C. L., Lwi, S. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2020) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000508095 · Cited by 18
Self-citationKhaled, M., Corner, G. W., Morris, A. R., Havaldar, S., Luo, E., & Saxbe, D. (2021) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108075 · Cited by 16
Petrican, R., Moscovitch, M., & Grady, C. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00338 · Cited by 19
“Although traditionally relationship researchers focused on the role of negative emotions (e.g., Levenson and Gottman, 1983; Gottman, 1998), there is mounting evidence that positive emotions are crucial in shaping a healthy interpersonal environment (Gable et al., 2006, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBracken, B. K., Alexander, V., Zak, P. J., Romero, V. L., & Barraza, J. A. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07527-3_1 · Cited by 15
“Later, physiological compliance was found to correlate with how much a couple “liked” one another [15], and even accounted for some of the variance in marital satisfaction [16].”
BackgroundMarital Quality and Physiological Arousal: How Do I Love Thee? Let My Heartbeat Count the Ways
Menchaca, D., & Dehle, C. M. (2005) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926180590915897 · Cited by 15
Borelli, J. L., Ramsook, K. A., Smiley, P. A., Bond, D. K., West, J. L., & Buttitta, K. V. (2016) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12200 · Cited by 15
Edelstein, B. A., Staats, N., Kalish, K. D., & Northrop, L. E. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0295-5_3 · Cited by 15
Empathic Accuracy and Shared Depressive Symptoms in Close Relationships
Brown, C. L., Grimm, K. J., Wells, J. L., Hua, A. Y., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221141852 · Cited by 22
“Couples completed questionnaires and a laboratory session based on a well-validated protocol for studying emotion during dyadic interactions (Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
MethodSelf-citationShrout, M. R., Wilson, S. J., Farrell, A. K., Rice, T. M., Weiser, D. A., Novak, J. R., & Monk, J. K. (2024) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12943 · Cited by 22
The Future of Clinical Science Training
LEVENSON, R. W. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613499330 · Cited by 16
“For example, we often use a video-recall procedure adapted from couples research (Levenson & Gottman, 1983) in which couples are videotaped while they discuss a marital problem.”
MethodSelf-citationEmerging Biosocial Perspectives on the Family
Troost, K. M., & Filsinger, E. E. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-85764-0_26 · Cited by 14
Kelly, A. B., & Halford, W. K. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800016490 · Cited by 14
Boukarras, S., Ferri, D., Боргогни, Л., & Aglioti, S. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2024.1321130 · Cited by 15
Verheul, W., Finset, A., Holt, E., Lundeby, T., & Bensing, J. M. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.11.007 · Cited by 13
“…in these two cited studies, it seems likely that moments deemed important to patients were also physiologically arousing: physiological arousal does not always mimic subjective arousal, but they often do correspond to a certain extent ([Levenson and Gottman, 1983] and [Levenson and Gottman, 1985]).”
BackgroundMarching to the beat of your own drum?
Dunsmore, J. C., Ashley, R., Zhou, Y., Swain, D. M., Factor, R. S., Broomell, A. P. R., Waldron, J. C., Bell, M. A., & Scarpa, A. (2019) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.03.001 · Cited by 12
Weber, D. M., Fischer, M. S., Baucom, D. H., Baucom, B., Engl, J., Thurmaier, F., Wojda, A. K., & Hahlweg, K. (2020) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12597 · Cited by 13
Smoothing Facilitates the Detection of Coupled Responses in Psychophysiological Time Series
Kettunen, J., Ravaja, N., & Keltikangas‐Järvinen, L. (2000) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027//0269-8803.14.1.1 · Cited by 13
Jarnecke, A. M., Reilly, M. S., & South, S. C. (2015) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12153 · Cited by 13
“…(Christensen & Shenk, 1991; Gottman & Levenson, 2000), this pattern of communication accounts for lower relationship satisfaction beyond the effect of general negativity (Caughlin & Huston, 2002; Christensen et al., 2006; Heavey, Larson, Zumtobei, & Christensen, 1996; Levenson & Gottman, 1983).”
BackgroundThe Social and Functional Aspects of Emotional Expression During Bereavement
Bonanno, G. A., & Papa, A. (2003) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med:psych/9780195141092.003.0007 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- Levenson, Robert W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1983
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 587-597
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2143250836
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 8.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Marriage and Sexual Relationships
- Keywords
- marital interaction, marital satisfaction, marital distress, marital conflict, heart rate, skin conductance, somatic activity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Behavior, Female, Galvanic Skin Response, Heart Rate, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Marriage, Motor Activity, Psychophysiology, Pulse
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