Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Such relationships are one form of an attachment similar to that seen in filial or parental relationships (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

““Attachment” is the term given to the mutually affectionate relationship that develops between an adult and an infant, child, or other intimate partner (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bowlby, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…the nature of healthy and unhealthy adult close relationships, their hypothesised precursors, and consequences for functioning; and, more recently, cultural similarities and differences (Fraley & Davis, 1997; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007; van Ijzendoorn & Sagi-Schwartz, 2008).”

“According to Hazan and Shaver (1987), relationship attachment styles reflect fundamental dissimilarities or similarities in adults, specifically with regard to their perceptions of romantic commitments.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) also acknowledge that attachment dimensions can change based on the romantic partners one chooses and the environment in which the relationships are anchored.”

“…processes provided the impetus for subsequent theorists and researchers to conceptualize and study attachment-related processes in adulthood (e.g. Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016) Bowlby (1973) also discussed important individual differences in the extent to…”

“As noted by Inman and London (2021), individuals who reported higher levels of rejection sensitivity also reported higher levels of self-silencing. Consistent with these results, Hambrook et al. (2011) noted that individuals with high levels of self-silencing also described a greater tendency to avoid rejection and cr…”

“Attachment theory (Bowlby 1973) and research (e.g., Booth-Laforce et al. 2006) have shown that attachment security does not vary as a function of sex.”

“In contrast, most self-assessment questionnaires include only current relationships (e.g., Feeney et al. , 1994; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“…differences in child-caregiver relationships and their developmental outcomes (Ainsworth, 1989), in recent years attachment theory has been used as a framework for the study of a wide array of adult functioning (Bluestein, Prezioso, & Schultheiss, 1995; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer, 1997).”

“To assess adult attachment style, participants completed Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) three-part measure in which participants choose one of three attachmentstyle prototypes that best applies to them.”

“…influenced the personality and psychosocial development of infants and young children (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bowlby, 1969/1982), Hazan and Shaver (1987) extended attachment theory to the domain of adult functioning and introduced the first self-report measure of adult…”

“This scale is based on the original in Hazan and Shaver (1987), which was revised by Collins and Read (1990).”

“…showed that people with a more secure attachment style, characterized by feelings of closeness, trust, and appropriate dependence on others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), endorsed fewer maladaptive relationship beliefs (e.g., disagreement is destructive, mindreading is expected, partners cannot change,…”

“…has shed light on relationship dynamics among children and their caregivers (Ainsworth et al., 2015; Richter, 2015), adult romantic partnerships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick & Davis, 1994; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007), attachment experiences in love and work (Hardy & Barkham, 1994; Hazan &…”

“In adulthood, romantic partners become the attachment figures, and the unidirectional relationship of parent to child caregiving shifts towards a reciprocal one within a dyad (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Hazan and Zeifman 1999).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987); Apostolidou (2006) found a strong association between males’ experience of maternal protection during childhood and their anxiety toward opposite-sex intimate partners during adulthood.”

“Finally, anxiously attached individuals believe that others are reluctant to get close to them and fear that their romantic partners will leave them (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…overanxious, overbearing, or abusive caretakers may lead to the formation of insecure attachment which provides a means to cope with the lack of a secure base but demonstrably serves as a barrier to intimacy in relationships in adulthood (Buote, Wood, & Pratt, 2009; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The secure internal working model (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987) is associated with positive relationship experiences (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Priel & Shamai, 1995) and a sense of trust (Armsden & Greenberg, 1987; Dwyer, 2005; Sakai, 2010).”

“These same types of emotions often arise in the interpersonal relationships of people with insecure attachment styles, such as the anxious/ambivalent style (e.g., Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and the preoccupied and fearful styles (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).”

“Despite this focus, as the branches of attachment theory have expanded into areas such as attachment in adults (c.f., Hazan and Shaver 1987; Mikulincer and Shaver 2007), renewed efforts to understand the normative processes that form attachment bonds are receiving attention.”

“Similar attachment classifications have been found in adults (see e.g. Ainsworth, 1984; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Manicavasagar, Silove, & Curtis, 1997).”

“However, how adults seek that contact and perceive their romantic relationships varies according to their different attachment histories ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Their ability to serve as a secure base for each other (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) helps them create positive interactions and satisfying close relationships (Roberts & Greenberg, 2002).”

“They are comfortable depending upon and seeking support from others, and they readily give comfort and care to their relational partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kunce & Shaver, 1994; Simpson, Rholes, & Nelligan, 1992).”

“However, much of the research on social support with this age group has focused on the quantity of peer support (Bryant, 1985) or the quality of attachment to parents or romantic partners, rather than peers (e.g., Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Another study explored the connections between fathers’ romantic attachment style, as coded by means of the Hazan and Shaver (1987) three-category measure of attachment, parenting beliefs and the offspring’s attachment security (Howard, 2010): consistently with expectations, fathers who rated…”

“For instance, some scholars have suggested that romantic love emerges from attachment mechanisms (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2018; Shaver et al., 1996), initially forming between infants and caregivers (Bowlby, 1979) before later being co-opted into adult romantic relationships…”

“On the other hand, social psychologists have focused primarily on the conscious aspects of attachment representations and have developed measures of attachment style based on discourse content (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991a, b; Fraley, Waller, & Brennan, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“There are many measures concerned with aspects of intimacy within couple relationships (e.g. Berscheid, Snyder, & Omoto, 1989; Christensen & Heavy, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Merves-Okin, Amidon, & Bernt, 1991).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) propelled the idea of a strong continuity regarding one’s attachment style throughout life.”

“Bowlby’s (1973) original theory, along with more recent theory and research (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Collins & Feeney, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, Rholes, & Nelligan, 1992) applying attachment theory to adult relationships, suggests that individual diVerences exist in the willingness and desire to rely…”

“Anxiously attached individuals are characterized by a strong desire for closeness, fear of abandonment, and dependency on others for self-worth, whereas avoidant individuals prefer independence from romantic partners and a fear of closeness (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (AAQS; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) was used to obtain the mothers’ current attachment style.”

“Research questions most often center on romantic love, [7–9] and most measurement instruments are also typically developed for romantic or passionate love [10, 11].”

“…and anxious), human attachment style is more appropriately conceptualized as a region in a continuous two-dimensional space (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005; Vrticka, Andersson, Grandjean, Sander, & Vuilleumier, 2008).”

“The attachment system is active and influential across the life span (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016), and attachment patterns are relatively stable from infancy into adulthood, but are open to change based on attachment-relevant life experiences (Fraley, 2002).”

“Later, attachment theory was studied in romantic love [15], family members, and friends [16].”

“H AZAN and S HAVER (1987) studied couples’ relationships and involved Bowlby’s theory by suggesting that the categories of childhood attachment styles can be applied to categorise and analyse romantic relationships, too.”

“For secure individuals, Hazan and Shaver (1990) reported a clear prioritization of private over work life and that they value relationships more than work.”

“They can also depend upon their partner when necessary, while keeping a certain amount of personal independence (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Parent-infant attachment relationships are present in many species; however, in humans and some other mammals, the same behavioral system that underlies parent-infant attachment is also thought to underlie adult pair-bonding and/or romantic attachment (Ainsworth 1989; Hazan and Shaver 1987; Zeifman and Hazan 2008).”

“…reflect the mental representation of themselves and the others, and leads to different orientation in close relationship and are considered as fixed personality dimensions which not only has a very essential role in communicate with other in childhood, but also in adultness (Hazan and Shaver,1987).”

“A striking characteristic of this style is the inhibited display of negative emotions—the “masking” of negative affect—especially of anger.(3,8,21) Also, avoidant individuals tend to restrict acknowledgment of distress by appearing unperturbed, yet displaying contradictory physiological arousal during exploration of t…”

“Our prime was straightforward: In an initial session we asked participants to nominate one relationship from their lives for each of three Hazan & Shaver (1987) attachment orientations.”

“They protect themselves against disappointments by avoiding close relationships and maintaining their sense of independence and invulnerability (Burge Hammen, Davila, & Daley, 1997; Hamama-Raz & Solomon, 2006; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005a; Mikulincer, Shaver, & Pereg, 2003).”

“In both studies, an index of insecure attachment in childhood (assessed using a questionnaire developed by Hazan & Shaver, 1987) was a statistically significant predictor in a hierarchical regression model in which indices of aggression and antisociality were also included.”

“Attachment theory in psychology portrays that the level of attachment to an object is an outcome of the customer ’ s interactivity with the object (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Children who have troubled relationships with parents and other adults are less likely to develop the social and emotional skills that are crucial for establishing supportive close relationships in adulthood.(38) The improvement of women’s social support networks is 1 of the best documented ways for improving QoL amon…”

“Various perspectives on love exist, including biological and evolutionary (e.g., Fisher, 2006), attachment (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987), physiological or passionate (Berscheid & Walster, 1974; Hatfield & Sprecher, 1986), companionate (Grote & Frieze, 1994), and compassionate (Sprecher & Fehr, 2005).”