Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Romantic love is a complex state of emotion dominated by a strong desire to be with the loved individual, a state known to affect feelings, behaviors and cognition (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Sternberg 1986).”

“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Extending this early work, using both self-report (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and Adult Attachment Interviews (AAI, Main & Goldwyn, & Hesse,1998), a considerable body of research identified three patterns of individual…”

“The PwR score is a core feature of anxious/ambivalent attachment style [77].”

“The AAQI, developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987), categorizes adults into three attachment styles (secure, ambivalent, and avoidant) by presenting three different statements of attitude descriptions along with descriptions of relationships with their parents in childhood.”

“…this pattern as evidence that more dismissive persons deactivate the attachment system (Kobak et al., 1993; Mikulincer et al., 2003) to minimize or restrict the conscious experience of threatening negative emotions (Cassidy, 1994; Consedine & Magai, 2003; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Magai et al., 2000).”

“Early adult attachment studies (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987) employed attachment categories similar to those first developed in infant caregiver attachment studies (i.e., secure, anxious-ambivalent, and avoidant) to describe adult attachment.”

“…), and was later extended to explain interpersonal close relationships in adulthood, mostly in the private sphere (e.g., romantic relationships, Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; relationships with friends and family mem- 06-PR_Lavy_140038.indd 759 20/05/14 4:00 PM bers, Lavy, Azaiza, & Mikulincer, 2012…”

“…differences of attachment are important to understand relationship behaviors of both infants and adults (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985), and, therefore, it seems logical to expect that individual differences in attachment of…”

“Another implication is that possessive love is accompanied by a preoccupied or anxious attachment style, which also has been linked to less satisfaction (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Levy & Davis, 1988; Schmitt et al., 2004).”

“Attachment styles to maternal and paternal caregivers in childhood were assessed using the brief self-report Parental Caregiving Style Questionnaire (34).”

“In short, individuals who struggle with anxious thoughts, feelings and behaviors fall in love frequently, yet experience extreme self-doubt, excessive need for approval and distress when others are unavailable or unresponsive (Harper et al., 2006; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) was used to measure the adult romantic attachment style.”

“Furthermore, Hazan and Shaver (1987) stated that perceptions of the quality of their relationship with each parent are one of the best predictors of adult attachment styles in adulthood.”

“According to attachment the‐ ory, romantic partners serve as an important source for feelings of safety and security (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), especially during times of vulnerability.”

“Since then, researchers have identified multiple types of attachment (e.g. Ainsworth et al., 1978; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…attachment style used in our argument, there are also other attachment styles (e.g., avoidance and anxiety styles) (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005) that have been shown to influence individuals’ functioning at work (e.g., affective experience and…”

“Personal relationships satisfy fundamental needs, such as emotional closeness, social support, and security (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The romantic partner is usually the adult’s primary attachment figure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson & Rholes, 2015).”

“Attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance Attachment theory originally concentrated on the relationship between infants and their caregivers and has subsequently been extended to adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Developmental theories of attachment (Bowlby, 1973; see Groh et al., 2017 for a recent review) have been applied extensively to the study of romantic relationship functioning (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007) both within and across cultures (see, e.g., Schmitt et al., 2004).”

“Attachment theory is regarded as a key framework to understand individuals’ interpersonal processes, and it describes how long-term interpersonal relationships shape people’s development and interactions with others (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Vol. 12, No. 5, 533–548, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2015.1044963 supportive relationships with parents were associated with more secure relational styles in later romantic relationships (Furman & Shomaker, 2008; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Instruments: In this research ,overall, three known scales used that are: This scale has been made by Hazan and Shaver (1987) and is a self-reported scale that is made according to Ainsworth is three some attachment styles (secure, avoidant, and ambivalent) and with this includes three descriptive…”

“The original Hazan & Shaver (1987) self-report measure of attachment has been used extensively in attachment research.”

“A major contribution to the classification of adult attachment was made by Hazan and Shaver (1987) .”

“Consistent with this idea, links have been suggested between early attachment experiences and later adult attachment styles in romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Pistole, 1989).”

“First, about 40% of adults exhibit an insecure attachment orientation (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mickelson, Kessler, & Shaver, 1997).”

“We are interested in the qualities of a particular relationship that promote satisfaction, as opposed to personality factors such as attachment (eg, Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ), which have received extensive attention in other contexts.”

“Hazan and Shaver ( 1987 ) developed a brief instrument to measure attachment patterns in adults, the Attachment Questionnaire (AQ).”

“In contrast, individuals with insecure styles, whether anxious or avoidant, may react with detachment or self-reliance (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“In addition, the distribution of our sample into the different attachment styles (secure, avoidant, ambivalent) towards their peers (AQ-C), does not differ significantly from the results of Irons and Gilbert (2005) in high school students in Great Britain, indicating a good consistency of our data. Based on the resear…”

“Romantic attachment has been conceptualized as the most important attachment model in young adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Drawing from the foundational work of Bowlby (1969) and Ainsworth (1973); Hazan and Shaver (1987) conceptualized the idea that the bonds children form with parents in childhood are the basis for the bonds created in adult romantic relationships.”

“…Zdolska-Wawrzkiewicz annazdolska@interia.pl Numerous studies of both children (e.g. Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) and adult individuals (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Fonagy et al., 1995; Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) have extended the understanding of attachment.”

“Romantic love is conceptualized as an adult attachment process that varies by individual’s attachment histories (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The first authors to study attachment in adults were Hazan and Shaver [15], who argued that the child attachment theory developed by Bowlby [16–18] could also be applied to romantic relationships.”

“Subsequent research transferred this concept to adulthood and social and partner relationships, showing that attachment also occurs among peers and that attachment bonds are present throughout the life cycle (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Research has shown that attachment theory, as a unique emotionally charged bond between an individual and a specific object, has been applied to explain strong emotional, cognitive, and behavioral connections between individuals and specific objects (Bowlby, 1969; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“In particular, individuals with attachment anxiety have a negative “selfmodel” with a perception of themselves as unlovable and incompetent, whereas individuals with attachment avoidance have a negative “other-model” with a perception of others as untrustworthy and unreliable [7,10,11].”

“For example, people with higher attachment motivation (secure attachment style) have higher levels of self-esteem and self-confidence [33].”

“People interpret (even distort) information about relationships to fit in with existing expectations based on their attachment histories (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“…including studying life satisfaction (Campbell, Converse, & Rodgers, 1976), subjective well-being (Diener, 1984; Sandvik, Diener, & Seidlitz, 1993), affect (Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, 1989), relationship closeness (Aron, Aron, & Smollan, 1992), and attachment style (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“In this regard, Hazan and Shaver (1987) extended the model of infant attachment proposed by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall (1978) to three adult attachment patterns: secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant.”

“In the last few decades much research has been conducted in the framework of attachment theory, not only with children, but also with adults (Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Weiss, 1982 , 1994 ).”

“In contrast to Main’s focus on relationships with parents, Hazan and Shaver [ 20 ] and colleagues [ 21 ] , using a social psychological perspective, applied the childhood attachment paradigm to study adulthood by conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process.”

“First developed to explain the emotional bond between infants and their caregivers (who provide protection against danger; Bowlby, 1969), attachment theory has been generalized to adulthood, romantic partners becoming prominent sources of protection and reassurance (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“The prevalence of insecure attachment (dismissing, preoccupied, unresolved) in hypertensive patients was predominant (88%), while in non-clinical populations, only about 50% of individuals had insecure attachment patterns.”

“Personality features specifically relevant to adult close relationships are operationalized in the concept of adult attachment style (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2003) as part of Bowlby's and Ainsworth's attachment theory (Ainsworth and Bowlby, 1991; Bowlby, 1969).”

“Note that although the notion – originally put forward by Hazan and Shaver (1987) – that infant-caregiver dynamics influence adult romantic attachment styles seems uncontroversial (see Feeney & Noller, 1990, 2004; Hazan & Diamond, 2000), the overall validity of the attachment model to understand…”

“Models of adult attachment, based on internal working models of self and others, provide a framework for the application of early attachment styles to later adult attachment (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Gillath et al., 2016; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987), for research purposes, translated Ainsworth’s descriptions of infant attachment styles into adult terms in order to study the relationship between attachment and romantic love.”