Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Thus, we used a strategy akin to the one used by Hazan and Shaver (1987) who created paragraph-long items that clearly described the heart and breadth of the attachment-style constructs they were assessing.”

“The Close Relationships Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) translates the three infant attachment types described by Bowlby (1982) and Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall (1978) into terms appropriate to adult love relationships.”

“…subjective well-being (Diener, 1984; Sandvik, Diener, & Seidlitz, 1993), affect (Russell, Weiss, & Mendelsohn, 1989), relationships (Aron, Aron, & Danny, 1992), and attachment style (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) all have found single items to be useful supplements to more extensive measurement procedures.”

“…object attachments (e.g., S. S. Kleine, Kleine, & Allen, 1995; Richins, 1994a, 1994b) and love (e.g., Aron & Westbay, 1996; Aron, Aron, & Allen, 1998; Fehr & Russell, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994; Hendrick & Hendrick, 1989; Shaver, Schwartz, Kirson, & O'Connor, 1987; Sternberg, 1986, 1987).”

“This measure has three 5-item scales closely corresponding to the three attachment styles identified by Hazan and Shaver (1987): secure (e.”

“Initially, research was based on Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, and Wall’s typology of attachment styles (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) in infancy—secure, anxious, and avoidant—and Hazan and Shaver’s conceptualization of parallel adult styles in the romantic relationship (adult pair-bonding) domain ( Hazan & Sh…”

“When Hazan and Shaver (1987) began their work on romantic attachment, they adopted Ainsworth's three-category scheme as a framework for organizing individual differences in the way adults think, feel, and behave in romantic relationships.”

“…it is proposed that early infant–caretaker interactions provide the basis for the development of working models of trustworthy and dependable relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), which is supported by emerging longitudinal evidence (e.g., Belsky, Spritz, & Crnie, 1996; Klohnen & Bera, 1998).”

“attachments is a universal human characteristic (Fisher, 1992; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“The original adult attachment measure consisted of three paragraphs, each describing one type of adult attachment, and one question asking respondents to choose a type that best represents their adult attachment style ( Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Their adult parallels in the romantic/marital domain were rst studied by Hazan and Shaver (1987), using a qualitative (three-category) self-report measure.”

“…assessments of attachment to parents have been used to show that marital quality is greater to the extent that an individual, and that individual’s partner, report secure versus avoidant or anxious ambivalent attachment styles (e.g., Feeney, Noller, & Callan, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…self-report questionnaires for assessing the quality of people’s working models often instruct participants to evaluate their experiences in close relationships in general, rather than instructing participants to focus on a specific relationship (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Perhaps the most provocative and controversial theme of adult attachment theory is that one’s pattern of relating in the context of romantic relationships is shaped by one’s history with parental attachment figures (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994).”

“Although the Big Five organization of personality that it employs is reasonably comprehensive, there are traits that may not have good representation among the items in the BFAS, such as adult attachment style (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Mikulincer and Shaver (4) proposed that a person’s location in the two-dimensional conceptual space defined by attachment anxiety and avoidance reflects both the person’s sense of attachment security and the ways in which he or she deals with threats and distress.”

“E-mail: lshiota@berkeley.edu ISSN 1743-9760 print/ISSN 1743-9779 online/06/020061–11 2006 Taylor & Francis DOI: 10.1080/17439760500510833 Watson & Clark, 1997; Wilson & Gullone, 1999).”

“of one's mental model of other, these various findings are consistent with Hazan and Shaver's (1987) suggestion that relational experience can have an impact on attachment style.”

“Participants’ first task was to complete an attachment styles questionnaire (adapted from Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“This work typically involves self-report instruments for assessing attachment-relevant dimensions or attributes (see, e.g., Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…describe relationship partners using positive trait terms (e.g., Feeney & Noller, 1991; Levy, Blatt, & Shaver, 1998), perceive partners as supportive (e.g., Davis, Morris, & Kraus, 1998; Ognibene & Collins, 1998), and feel trusting toward partners (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Research on adult attachment orientations (e.g., Fraley & Waller, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) continues in this tradition by suggesting that individuals possess relatively stable mental models of intimacy that they develop through interactions with their primary caregivers in early childhood.”

“…desire, and gratitude) and emotional dispositions (e.g., positive affectivity) motivate individual and interactive behaviors that enable individuals to form social bonds (e.g., Bowlby, 1969; Buss, 1992; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Trivers, 1971; Watson, 1988; Watson, Clark, Mclntyre, & Hamaker, 1992).”

“…of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association 2005, Vol. 89, No. 5, 817–839 0022-3514/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.89.5.817 817 results from a particular attachment history (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Highly anxious people do, in fact, tend to report low-to-moderate levels of interpersonal trust in their romantic partners (see Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, Ickes, & Grich, 1999).”

“Categorical measures of attachment in romantic relationships have evolved since Hazan and Shaver's [19] forced-choice Adult Attachment Styles self-report.”

“Specifically, we leveraged the five-factor model (FFM) of personality (John & Srivastava, 1999; McCrae & Costa, 1999; McCrae & John, 1992) and work on attachment style (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver & Mikulincer, 2009) to explore the role of individual differences in pet ownership.”

“Hazan and Shaver's (1987) Close Relationships Questionnaire was used to assess attachment style.”

“To measure the two dimensions in Hebrew, we decomposed Hazan and Shaver's (1987) descriptions of avoidant and anxious-ambivalent styles and constructed 5 items for each style (for details, see Mikulincer, Florian, & Tolmacz, 1990).”

“port (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ) and interview (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991) measures have been developed.”

“Despite this, however, researchers have only recently begun to show an interest in the functions that attachments to others than parents might serve during adolescence (e.g., Armsden and Greenberg, 1987; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Drawing on attachment approaches to social relationships (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Reis & Patrick, 1996), Downey and Feldman (1996) proposed that when repeated experiences in close relationships (e.g., with parents or important peers) communicate rejection rather than acceptance, individuals may…”

“…major theoretical perspectives, having close connections with exchange/interdependency theory (Thibaut & Kelly, 1959), attachment theory (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and extensions or modifications of rational choice theory where commitment is believed to trump competitive market conditions…”

“The Hebrew adaptation of Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) Attachment Style Prototypes was used to measure parents’ attachment style.”

“Working models are thought to have some continuity from childhood to adulthood because of their propensity for stability over time (Bowlby, 1979; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Shaver, Collins, & Clark, 1996).”

“These were the following: The nine-item Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) contains three statements that correspond to each of the three attachment styles: secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent.”

“Close and Personal Relationships: The Emergent Field of "Relationship Science" Related to, and sometimes intersecting with, the attachment field (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Reis & Patrick, 1996) are studies of intimacy, love, attraction, and close relationships.”

“Adult attachment theory (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003) is an extension of Bowlby and Ainsworth’s attachment theory (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Bowlby, 1969), designed to explain individual diVerences in cognitions, feelings, and behaviors that occur in the…”

“These rosy reflected appraisals even modified women's attachment styles---presumably chronic dispositions that originate ila childhood and structure individuals' later romantic experiences (e.g., Bartholomew, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“Although the purpose of this attachment bond is most obvious during childhood, attachment bonds, such as those between adult romantic relationship partners, persist throughout the life cycle and may be beneficial during times of threat or danger (3).”

“…become interested in attachment in adolescence and adulthood (Bartholomew, 1993; Collins & Feeney, 2000; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Rice, 1990) and have proposed that the parent-child attachment relationship serves as a model for all close relationships (Ainsworth, 1989; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994).”

“…a secure attachment style have experienced positive interactions with attachment figures andhold positive beliefs aboutthe selfand others (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987); thus they would tend to rely on close relationships while coping with death awareness.”

“It has been argued that internal working models that portray the self as worthy and accepted play an important role in the ability to maintain healthy, satisfying romantic relationships (Collins & Read, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2003).”

“Is the reliance on close others in good times incongruous with recent work on the role of attachment processes in social support (Bowlby, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1988)?”

“Since then, studies have applied attachment theory to adult romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2007) with some researchers suggesting that pair-bonds and parent–infant bonds share common biological substrates (Fisher, 1992; Carter, 1998).”

“The univariate normality of all items of the BSMAS was checked following Kim’s (2013) standard guidelines.”

“Traditional attachment measures (eg, Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ) have typically measured attachment based on these three attachment types.”

“…the role of adult attachment styles in love relationships (e.g., CarneUey & Janoff-Bulman, 1992; Collins & Read, 1990; Feeney & NoUer, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990; Kobak & Hazan, 1991; Levy & Davis, 1988; Mikulincer & Erev, 1991) and interpersonal processes (e.g., Bartholomew &…”

“While challenging Joiner et al.’s (1999) provocative interpretation of the relation between ERS, relationship quality, and depression, the results show that the ERS construct can be assimilated into attachment theory because of its considerable overlap with the construct of anxious attachment and that reassurance seek…”

“…& Wall, 1978) and the subsequent development of self-report and interview measures of adult romantic attachment (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1984; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), individual differences are the near exclusive focus of human attachment research (Marvin & Britner, 1999; Mikulincer,…”