Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“…that people will be available if needed and will provide relief, love, and compassion (Collins & Reed, 1990; Kobak & Sceery, 1988), insecurely attached people are more prone to react with detachment to signs of stress (Bowlby, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer, Florian, & Weller, 1993).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) showed that the distribution of the attachment styles of the adults in their study was similar to that found among the infants (Ainsworth et al., 1978).”

“An example of a typology that was transformed into dimensions is romantic attachment (cf., Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Hazan & Shaver, 1987); researchers have moved from a three or four mutually-exclusive categorical measurement to twomain dimensions of relational anxiety and avoidance.”

“With transition into adulthood, working models are generalized from caregivers to others in a person’s social networks, including romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“These individuals establish more satisfactory and less conflictive relationships than individuals who established an insecure attachment [2,8].”

“Fraley and Spieker (2003), along with Hazan and Shaver (1987), have positioned both adult attachment relationship and parent–child relationship experiences to share similar features.”

“In contrast, individuals with low avoidance have a favorable view of others and are interested in pursuing intimate and close relationships (Hazan and Phillip, 1987).”

“…down-regulate emotional distress from interaction with close people (Ponizovsky et al. 2013), perhaps avoidant individuals nonverbally communicate their preference for less intimacy by choosing larger distances from parents (see also Bourne et al. 2014; Heinonen et al. 2004; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Attachment theory assumes a strong association between attachment insecurity early in life and emotion regulation problems later on, particularly in the context of intimate relationships (Bowlby, 1969; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The ASQ evaluates adult relationships in general and not only in romantic relationships or parental bonding style and is based on Bartholomew and Horowitz’s four-type attachment model [6,28] which is, at the same time, based on Hazan and Shaver’s three-type attachment model [23].”

“…studying self-esteem (Robins et al., 2001), need to belong (Nichols & Webster, 2013), job satisfaction (Nagy, 2002), subjective well-being (Sandvik et al., 1993), and attachment style (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) have all found single items to be useful supplements to more extensive measurement scales.”

“Thus, as previous research as demonstrated, the negative correlation between emotional coping and attachment avoidance could be attributable to the negative correlation between attachment avoidance and perceived stress as well as to the difficulty in expressing their feelings to others [86,87].”

“…methodological approaches, both traditions largely agree with the presence of three main attachment patterns: secure, insecure-preoccupied, and insecure-dismissing (also referred to as anxious and avoidant, respec-ATTACHMENT tively, in self-reports) (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985).”

“These factors include, but are not limited to, the media (e.g., Segrin & Nabi, 2002), parental influence (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Stackert & Bursik, 2003), a person’s own relationship experiences (e.g., Carnelly & Janoff-Bulman, 1992), and gender.”

“Several researchers have refined the concept over the years (Bartholomew, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), with the most recent and accepted model consisting of four fundamental attachment styles, which vary depending on the particular combination of the ways self and other are generally viewed: secure…”

“…Relationship: Experience-Dependent Remediation of the Brain Romantic love has been, for some time, conceptualized as an attachment relationship (Hazan and Shaver 1987; Shaver and Hazan 1993; Johnson 1996, 2004; Johnson and Denton 2002) and theories designed to treat adult relationships have…”

“In terms of relationship attitude formation specifically, researchers have found that those with anxious orientations are more likely to fear relationship dissolution, but also tend to view relationships as a means to attaining emotional rescue or salvation (Carnelley and Janoff-Bulman 1992; Hazan and Shaver 1987; Whi…”

“Studies have also revealed that individuals with attachment anxiety tend to feel unsatisfied with the amount of touch in their relationships, and that they are extremely dependent on and feel unsupported by their romantic partners (Bartholomew 1990; Campbell et al. 2005; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Similarly, Hazan and Shaver (1987) suggested that”

“From this review, the two-dimensional model of adult attachment (Bartholomew, 1990; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) was chosen as a theoretical base for the instrument.”

“Attachment style can be classified as ‘secure’, ‘avoidant’ or ‘anxious/ambivalent’ (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Although this study was not designed to formally test a theory, it is informed by adult attachment theory (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Rholes & Simpson, 2006), a framework that helps understand ambivalence and the presence of strong positive and negative emotions in divorcing couples.”

“After the theoretical development encouraged by Bowlby and the research initiated by Hazan and Shaver (1987), an interest emerged in studying attachment in adult partner relations.”

“…on the valence of other-representation in attachment anxiety (Pietromonaco & Barrett, 2000) and self-representation in attachment avoidance (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), it is not clear whether self-esteem and trust are commonmediating paths for both attachment anxiety and avoidance versus…”

“Existing theorizing in close relationships has long emphasized the importance of maintaining security for the success and well-being of relationships (Cavallo, Murray, & Holmes, 2013; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Murray et al., 2006).”

“We create templates for our romantic relationship dances very early in our developmental process (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Accordingly, drawing on attachment theory (Bowlby, 1982; Hazen and Shaver, 1987), social cognitive theory (Bandura, 2001) and the social competencies and interpersonal processes (SCIP) model (Mallinckrodt, 2000), it is the goal of the current study to explore the impact of leaders’ attachment…”

“The Questionnaire of Attachment Styles (KSP) by Plopa (2008a) is used to examine attachment styles in partner (romantic) relationships based on the concept of Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“In adulthood, romantic partners become a primary source of connectedness need fulfilment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), but also create additional opportunities for goals and needs to conflict (Finkel & Rusbult, 2008; Holmes, 2002).”

“The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS): It was officially developed in 1990 but built on the earlier work of Hazen and Shaver (1987) (24).”

“The attachment paradigm has proved, in this regard, to be particularly suitable for shedding light on the dynamics of romantic relationships, as well as explaining the reasons for the difficulties in forming and maintaining satisfactory bonds in adult relationships (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“the frustrated individual’s needs for proximity or space [25].”

“; secure attachment style as measured by the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) COVID- 19 infection stressors COVID- 19 infection status (endorsement of: self- infected, know someone in household who was infected, know someone not in household who was infected, and know…”

“According to Hazen and Shaver (1987), adult patterns of attachment generally mirror those found in infancy.”

“2) The items of the “Attachment” dimension were built according to the Bowlby’s attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969, 1973, 1980; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Brennan et al., 1998; Marazziti et al., 2007).”

“Attachment: The Adult Attachment Questionnaire (AAQ), developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987), was used to measure internal working models of attachment.”

“Similar effects emerge for individuals with with elevated levels of attachment anxiety, which encompasses an atypically strong motivation for romantic closeness (eg, Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Slotter & Gardner, in press).”

“Others suggest that romantic love is influenced by attachment styles formed in childhood [11], [12].”

“The second measure is a self-report questionnaire, the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) based on Ainsworth’s (1982) three patterns of child attachment (secure, anxious, and avoidant).”

“Specific to the issue herein of IPV, associations between both separation anxiety and unhealthy attachment history have been repeatedly demonstrated in children (e.g., Bowlby, 1976) and adulthood (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“When compared to non–securely attached adults, securely attached adults were found to be more satisfied in their relationships (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) found that adults with a secure attachment style are more likely to have longer relationships than individuals with an insecure attachment style.”

“This involves behavioral, emotional, and cognitive components (Sternberg, 1986; Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Not surprisingly, avoidantly attached individuals are more likely to have brief, unsatisfying relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Meyers & Landsberger, 2002).”

“One of the distinguishing characteristics of the attachment system in adult romantic relationships derived from the traditional concept of mother–infant attachment is sexual functioning (Bowlby, 1969/1982; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Goodman, 2006).”

“The potential for adult attachment to be linked to a range of outcomes became obvious, and soon other adult classifications based on Ainsworth’s original typology were tested in relation to adult romantic attachments (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Romantic attachment is generally conceptualized on two dimensions: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“According to attachment theory, there are three types of attachment in adults: secure attachment, anxious-resistant insecure attachment, and anxious-avoidant insecure attachment (9,10).”

“Early studies used the infant attachment style typology (i.e., Secure, Anxious, and Avoidant) to describe adult romantic attachment (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“According to attachment theory, how people approach their partner and act within relationships is largely determined by their working model of relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Even if the attachment theory is thought to be gender- neutral (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), a large cross- cultural study reported that in Western cultures, men are more dismissive than women (Schmitt et al., 2003), and a meta- analysis indicated that men showed higher attachment avoidance and lower…”

“Such activation was specifically correlated with sexual frequency, possibly indicating the strength of the relationship [84].”