Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“The attachment behavioural system is an innate control system that predisposes humans to attach to others, such as to caregivers in childhood and family, and peers and romantic partners in adulthood (Bowlby, 1980; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“In the late 1980s, Hazan and Shaver (1987) proposed that romantic love is an attachment process.”

“These maladaptive attachment styles can persist into early adulthood, and they are believed to affect the bond that develops between romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Pair bonding and romantic love have previously been conceptualized as attachment processes (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Fraley and Shaver, 2000).”

“The Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Hazan and Shaver, 1987) was used to assess participants’ attachment styles.”

“Research has examined the effect of early attachments on perceptions of and behaviour in relationships (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 ; Collins & Read, 1990 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) (Collins & Read, 1990) is an 18-item instrument adapted from a 3-item scale described in Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“Adult Attachment Based on the theoretical work of Hazan and Shaver (1987) and Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991), the Experiences in Close Relationships scale (ECR-R; Fraley et al. 2000) allows for assessment of individual differences in adult attachment style within relationship categories (e.g.,…”

“The association between adult attachment and relationship outcomes is well-documented (e.g., Collins and Read 1990; Hazan and Shaver 1987), with insecure attachment linked to negative outcomes (Feeney and Noller 1990; Simpson et al. 1999).”

“Adult attachment theory is the extension of this developmental model to adult romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“…1998, 1999), and of course, on adult attachment in romantic relationships that involve categories of secure or insecure attachment, assessed by self-report (e.g., Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Bartholomew, 1990; Griffin and Bartholomew, 1994; Pietromonaco and Barrett, 2000; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2007).”

“The present results are in agreement with earlier findings (Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Kobak & Sceery, 1988 ) suggesting that adult attachment styles may be considered as stable characteristics of an individual, similar to personality traits.”

“Although this study suggests that, in general, parental rejection is rather stable over longer times, based on attachment literature, day-to-day fluctuations in parental rejection probably do occur (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Weinfield et al., 2000).”

“In accordance with Bowlby’s (1980) contention that attachment behaviors continue throughout the life cycle, research on childhood attachment patterns has been extended to adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; for a review, see Fraley & Shaver, 2000).”

“H and S, Hazan and Shaver’s Adult Attachment Prototypes Single item self-report - Secure - Anxious - Avoidant (52)”

“Originally described in the context of infant/caregiver relationships (Bowlby, 1969), the concept was later applied to relationships between romantic partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Courtship and mating are certainly part of the domain of establishing and strengthening social connections and attachment (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Fisher et al., 2002).”

“Therefore, the socially constructed aspects of body image [44] came in a sense to work to the women’s advantage within the context of a safe, accepting relationship.”

“People who exhibit this trait also tend to exhibit low self-esteem (e.g., Bringle, 1981), an external locus of control (e.g., Bringle & Buunk, 1986), and the preoccupied attachment style (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Adequate psychometric properties of English and Farsi version of the scale in sample of students and adult populations have been reported (Besharat, 2005 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“During adulthood, individual differences in romantic attachment are based on the differences in the pattern of relationships between children and their figures of attachment (Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Young adults report having greater expectations of emotional connections with their romantic partner than with others (Davis & Todd, 1982; Hazen & Shaver, 1987) and view intimacy as being more important for romantic partners than friends (Cann, 2004).”

“…Mikulincer & Florian, 1998), joy, and interest (Consedine & Magai, 2003; Magai et al., 1995), as well as lower depression, anger, and hostility (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Kobak et al., 1993), lower proneness to anger (Mikulincer, 1998b), and lower anxiety (Mikulincer, Florian, & Weller, 1993;…”

“Each attachment orientation has its own attributes that can affect important relationships (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991 ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Pistole & Watkins, 1995 ).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) developed the adult attachment theory based on the principles of Bowlby and Ainsworth’s attachment theory (Ainsworth & Bowlby, 1991; Bowlby, 1969) to explain how early attachment relationships between children and their primary caregiver lead to individual differences in…”

“Drawing on research finding adult attachment styles to be related to relationship satisfaction among heterosexual couples (e.g., Hazan and Shaver 1987; Shaver and Brennan 1992), as well as gay and lesbian couples (Kurdek 2002), we tested whether anxious and/or avoidant attachment mediated the link between dyadic equal…”

“The initial model of infant attachment proposed by Ainsworth et al. (1978) was applied by Hazan & Shaver (1987) to three adult attachment types: secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant.”

“Furthermore, secure caregiver–infant attachment relationships in infancy serve as models for secure interpersonal and romantic relationships in adulthood [14–16].”

“Early family experiences have long been recognized as important sources of influence in adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ; Karney & Bradbury, 1995 ), and the importance of family of origin experiences in shaping the development of close relationships in young adulthood has been underscored by scholar…”

“Individuals can be categorized into different orintations such as secure, anxious, and avoidant according o their emotional and behavioral dynamics in relation o others (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Adults with avoidant attachment style are characterized as having problems with intimacy, investing little emotion in social and romantic relationships, and unwilling or unable to share thoughts and feelings with others (Hazen & Shaver, 1987).”

“…attachment style by implicit (i.e., unconscious) mental processes, especially in large samples, we evaluated attachment patterns from the point of view of the explicit (conscious) model of adult attachment (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Feeney, Noller, & Hanrahan, 1994; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Indeed, research on adult love relationships has revealed patterns of attachment (Collins and Read 1990; Hazan and Shaver 1987 ) similar to those identified by Ainsworth et al. (1978).”

“Adult romantic relationships, or pair bonds, can be conceptualized in the same way as offspring to parent attachments (Hazan and Shaver, 1987, Mason and Mendoza, 1998).”

“Individual differences in adult attachment style are argued to reflect internalisations of one’s experience with attachment figures and expectations about whether these figures are emotionally available in stressful circumstances (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Therefore this study investigated whether a dimensional measure was superior to a categorical measure by using both a categorical measure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and a dimensional measure (Simpson, 1990).”

“…highlight how individuals’ general models of the self and other in couple relationships (i.e., attachment orientation; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and psychological functioning are associated with reports about the self and the other within a close relationship (Fletcher &…”

“Participants also completed scales tapping how upset they would be in the situation, how likely they would be to seek support, and their attachment style (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Participants completed the three-paragraph, categorical attachment style measure developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987). The ‘secure’ paragraph read as follows: ‘I find it relatively easy to get close to others and am comfortable depending on them.”

“Toward late adolescence, peer and romantic relationships grow more intimate, and romantic relationships begin to take over relationship functions from parent– child relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Lantagne & Furman, 2017; Selfhout et al., 2009; Selman, 1989).”

“In particular, prior experiences of parent–child attachment are thought to shape later expectations of romantic relationships, as expressed in adult attachment style (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“Developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987), this questionnaire examines the participants’ perceptions of the quality of their relationship with each parent and the parents’ relationship with each other, during their childhood years (Feeney & Noller, 1990; Fraley & Shaver, 2000; Levy, Blatt, & Shaver,…”

“Hazen and Shaver’s (1987) findings that various attachment styles have characteristic patterns of emotionality lend support to this explanation.”

“…idea of attachment theory is that responsive caregivers help individuals develop particular patterns of thinking about the self in the context of close relationships (so-called internal working models) and that these models guide subsequent thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…of abandonment by a partner; attachment avoidance involves internal working models associated with either dismissal of attachment needs due to distrust in the dependability of others or discomfort with closeness in relationships due to fear of rejection (Bartholomew, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment-related symptoms were measured using the Japanese version of the Attachment Style Measures revised to a multiple-point Likert-type scale (Internal Working Model Scale; IWMS) (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“This anxiety makes people with a ‘negative model of self’ behave according to the caregivers’ expectations, rather than those of their true selves (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…an anxious attachment style (Sperling & Berman, 1994); the former reflects individuals’ needs for confirmation and acceptance from others (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), and the latter describes individuals who approach others so as to meet their own needs for dependency (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Intimacy represents a greater emotional involvement in a romantic relationship and the engagement in self-disclosure, trust, and interdependence (e.g., see Hazan & Shaver, 1987; McAdams, 1984).”

“To assess the attachment style, the Japanese version of the Attachment Style Measures revised to the multiple-point Likert-type scale (Internal Working Model Scale; IWMS) [33–35] was used, with confirmed reliability and validity of both the original [33, 34] and the Japanese version [35, 36].”

“…their parents at a young age can mediate the development of lasting, implicit, interpersonal working models about the nature of the self and others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and potentially lead to psychological, relational, and behavioral problems in adulthood, especially in romantic relationships.”