Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“These internal models then guide cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses in different interpersonal contexts, romantic relationships in particular (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“ADOLESCENCE AND ADULTHOOD: Self-report measures: a brief examination of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) One of the earliest instruments used in adult attachment research is the forced choice measure by Hazan and Shaver (1987) and it is still used regularly in studies.”

“Individuals with high attachment anxiety consistently seek more intimacy and security in their relationships with others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The attachment theory approach to romantic relationships was expressed first by Hazan and Shaver (1987), who assumed that the different attachment styles in infants would be manifested in romantic love relationships in adults.”

“For instance, insecurely attached individuals typically have difficulty maintaining close relationships, and tend to have trouble dealing with the loss of relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The theory of ‘Silencing the Self’ (STS: Jack, 1991) was developed from phenomenological experiences of clinically depressed women. It has been influenced by the theoretical premises of attachment and relational perspective. From the relational standpoint, women are considered to derive fulfilment and enhanced self-es…”

“Study 2 also focused on romantic relationships because romantic partners tend to be primary attachment figures in adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Therefore, it is possible to understand the intimacy bond formed, which is expressed by the search of the partner as a regulating agent in times of stress (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“These similarities were based on the recognition that romantic love is an attachment process that results from internal working models determined partially in childhood relationships with parents (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“[22].”

“In adulthood, the romantic partner would become the primary attachment figure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Through these early interactions, children organize their responses to prioritize self-protection while getting their needs met [4, 8, 9].”

“In contrast, Hazan and Shaver (1987) took a developmental approach to understanding love.”

“Hazan and Shaver theorized that, similar to the emotional bond that develops between a child and it’s caregiver, the same motivational system underlies the relationships that are shaped in adult life [34].”

“For each parent, three paragraphs describing secure, anxious/ambivalent, and avoidant attachment were used (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…the present paper, consistent with the conceptualization most commonly employed in primary studies (Calvo et al. 2023; Pé-loquin et al. 2024; Qu et al. 2024), we focus on insecure attachment within couple relationships as comprising two key dimensions: anxiety and avoidance (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Adult attachment is an extension of Bowlby’s attachment theory (1969, 1982) where the parent-child relationship oporates in many of the same was the adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“S5 chose to adapt and simplify the Attachment Style Statements (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) for which participants had to select from three statements (one for each attachment style: secure, avoidant, and anxious/avoidant) those that described their feelings the best; this questionnaire has to be rated by the person and by…”

“Extending Bowlby’s (1969, 1973) attachment theory that conceptualizes close relationships in adulthood, internal working models of self and others based on early experiences have been found to be related to adult attachment (Godbout et al., 2009; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“For instance, the attachment theory highlights that adult attachment to one’s partner mirrors the attachment theory of forming and sustaining bonds during infancy (Baumeister & Leary, 1995; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Interventions related to reciprocal emotional exchange at the dyadic level usually improve the quality of interactions between partners [112], and also lead to an increase in the level of relational security, in which the partner is perceived as responsive and supportive, and the relationship is seen as lasting and sa…”

“Attachment theory emphasizes the importance of childhood relationships with parents, with secure attachment styles to parents in childhood linked to better relationship quality in adult relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Among adults, research has mainly focused on the concept of romantic relationships as an attachment process (e.g., Collins & Read, 1990; Freeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; van Ijzendoorn, 1995).”

“The second paradigm developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987) conceptualises romantic love as an attachment process.”

“…Likert Scale Experiences in Close Relationships are psychometrically reliable and valid instruments of attitudes and selfreported behavioral tendencies (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998; Fairchild & Finney, 2006; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Sibley, Fischer, & Liu, 2005).”

“006), whereas the latter obtained higher scores for Discomfort with Closeness (t=-1,99; df=145,58; p= 0.048), Relationships as Secondary (t=-2,24; df=138,15; p= 0.027), Need for Approval (t=-2,28; df=144,55; p= 0.024), and Preoccupation with Relationships (t=-3,71; df=135,7; p= 0.006).”

“As compared to securely attached couples, insecurely attached couples also report more conflict and less stable relationships (i.e., higher breakup/separation rates, shorter relationship duration: Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Kirkpatrick and Davis, 1994; Treboux et al., 2004).”

“The attachment system seems to have evolved to protect infants from danger by keeping them close to the mother figure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Behavioural observations, however, are rarely used in work with adults, where interviews and self-report are the methods of choice (Bifulco, 2002; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985).”

“MARK childhood experience (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994), but also manifest in subtle social cues (e.g. body language and interpersonal distance; Fraley & Shaver, 1998; see Shaver, Schachner, &Mikulincer, 2005 for a review).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987), in particular, framed adult romantic relationships in terms of attachment dynamics, classifying adults into three categories that map onto the three attachment styles of children (Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990, 1994; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“…develop working models, which are based largely on their relationships with their parents in childhood and adolescence, that inform their expectations of people and attitudes about relationships with others, including romantic partners (Amato & DeBoer, 2001; Bowlby, 1982; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Moreover, if the caregiver responds inconsistently to the infant ’ s requests, then the child gradually develops an anxious-ambivalent (i.e. anxious) style and constantly requires the caregiver ’ s attention (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bowlby, 1988; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“While originally used to describe parent–child relationships, research recognizes that this framework persists into adolescence and adulthood, where it affects the expectations of dating relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Comparison to Distributions of Brennan, Clark, and Shaver [8] and Hazan& Shaver [3]”

“…formado en las relaciones tempranas, luego fue aplicada al amor de pareja, sosteniendo que el comportamiento del adulto en relaciones cercanas está modelado por representaciones mentales cuyos orígenes se encuentran en las relaciones del niño con sus cuidadores primarios (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The attachment formed through interactions with the caregiver during childhood affects the interpersonal relationships—especially close relationships—in adulthood [15].”

“Bowlby believed that attachments develop in infancy based on a primary caregiver’s sensitivity and responsiveness to the infants’ basic needs as well as needs for comfort and protection (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The relationship patterns of parent-child dyads and those of romantic partners are considered to have similar attachment functions, whereby representations of early experiences with parents tend to continue in romantic relationships (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Different from human studies that assess human attachment style using several self-report instruments as reviewed above (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991; Brennan et al., 1998), quantitative assessment of attachment security/insecurity in animals has been a major challenge.”

“Adults with insecure attachment styles have difficulty with anxiety about rejection, abandonment, or being unloved, and/or avoidance of intimacy or interdependency with others (Collins et al., 2004; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Similarly, [14] demonstrated that mobile technology’s advent facilitated us to create specific communication patterns in close relationships, referred to as the connected mode of communication.”

“This view was first supported by a decisive study carried out by Hazan and Shaver (1987) where romantic love was conceptualised as an attachment relationship.”

“Avoidant attachment type is characterized by an individual experiencing rejection from their primary caregiver, thus appearing detached from them (Ainsworth et al., 1978; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Attachment theory posits that the quality of the parent–child relationships serves as a model for future relationships, including romantic relationships, by shaping expectations and understandings of intimacy (Bowlby, 1980; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Ainsworth, 1989).”

“Similarly, based on the attachment functions of romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Hill et al., 2011), we expect that they are well suited to providing understanding and comfort in the face of emotional dysregulation associated with high levels of mentalizing, both accurate and…”

“Crispi, Shiaffino, and Berman (1997), also using the Attachment Style Scale, found that insecure attached caregivers reported greater difficulty in the caregiving process.”

“Hazan and Shaver implicated that, avoidant subject’s mothers are cold, rejecting and dishonest and their fathers also dishonest and inconsistent (71).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) have demonstrated that the three fundamental attachment styles initially identified by Ainsworth are also found in adult relationships.”

“According to attachment theory (Bowlby, 1979; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), these individuals have had positive experiences with attachment figures; however, their attachment figures have not been consistently responsive.”

“Attachment: This was measured using the revised Hazan & Shaver 3-Category Measure [53,54] which measures secure attachment, anxious / ambivalent attachment, and avoidant attachment.”