Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) were the first to study adult romantic love as an attachment process and propose that Ainsworth’s attachment styles (Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978) also determine adults’ romantic attachment styles.”

“Hazan and Shaver [2] found that individuals who were secure or optimistic about relation­ ship bonding expected relationships to wax and wane in terms of the development of intimacy over time.”

“Following the pivotal work by Bartholomew (1990), who expanded the original work by Hazan and Shaver (1987), four different attachment styles are commonly distinguished, i.e. secure (a positive attitude towards oneself and others, and a feeling of being comfortable with intimacy), dismissing (a…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) were the first to develop an adult attachment model, consisting of three attachment styles: secure, anxious, and avoidant.”

“Bowlby’s work has been extended to adult relationships (e.g., romantic relationships; Hazan & Shaver, 1987), with particular emphasis on how attachment shapes internal working models of self and others into adulthood (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).”

“Main and Cassidy (1988) discovered that secure children have higher communication competence than avoidant and anxious/ambivalent children. Also, Rholes, Simpson, and Blakely (1995) examined attachment styles of mothers to their infant children.”

“The same categories were then adopted in early studies of adult attachment (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Main et al., 1985).”

“They generally show less interest in committed relationships [36], and they report lower levels of relationship satisfaction, higher frequency of divorce [37], and reduced emotional closeness [38].”

“Based on the parasocial attachment research (Stever, 2013), human attachment can be categorized into three types: infant-care-giver attachment (Bowlby, 1969), adult romantic attachment (Hazan and Shaver, 1987), and parasocial attachment (Stever, 2013).”

“This decision was taken in accordance with attachment framework, which suggests that the way individuals attach to parents and romantic partners is different (although with similarities; see Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Subsequently, Hazan and Shaver proposed that affectional bonds could also be formed between adult lovers (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…to belong (Baumeister & Leary, 1995), others argue it is because they help us feel secure and recapture the intimacy of the infant–caregiver bond (Hazan & Shaver, 1987), and others still argue that it is because they confer important evolutionary advantages (or help eliminate evolutionary…”

“In adulthood, the romantic partner typically becomes the person with whom these internal working models are the most saliently activated, primarily because they turn out to be the main source for security, connection, and affection (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The original work on adult romantic attachment assessed three general styles mapping onto the attachment styles originally proposed by Ainsworth and colleagues (Ainsworth et al. 1978; Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“According to Hazan and Shaver (1987), “securely” attached adults are described as those for”

“Studies on attachment in romantic relationship showed that youth transfer their attachment from parenthood to romantic partners and best friends (e.g. Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…which is said to arise from having received consistent care, involves expecting and seeking out reliable relationships when needed and, otherwise, confidently exploring one’s environment (e.g., Ainsworth, 1979; Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters, & Wall, 1978; Bowlby, 1973; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) extended Bowlby’s theory to adult romantic attachment theory (Fraley & Shaver, 2000).”

“Attachment style is known to be a strong predictor of relationship quality [27, 28].”

“Research suggests that this attachment system continues to hold sway during adulthood and to influence individual’s behavior and perception (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Fraley & Roisman, 2019).”

“Parent Adult Attachment Style and Parent–Adolescent Attachment Hazan and Shaver (1987) first extended attachment theory to adulthood, suggesting that the emotional connection to a romantic partner can also be regarded as an adult attachment (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“In the context of romantic relationships, literature has widely acknowledged the conceptualization of love as an attachment bond and romantic partners as reciprocal attachment figures (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“…or positive expectation of close others’ accessibility and responsiveness, show stronger secure base behavior than those who experience strong and frequent fear of abandonment (attachment anxiety) and/or who are uncomfortable depending on others at all (attachment avoidance; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“While attachment insecurity may be conceptualised and measured in a variety of ways [12, 13], a well-accepted dimensional approach was adopted in the present study, with two attachment dimensions defined: attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance [14].”

“Par ailleurs, les travaux sur la relation au monde à l’âge adulte ont mis en évidence cette classification dans le contexte de l’attachement amoureux (Hazan et Shaver, 1987) et de l’attachement à la marque (Thomson et al, 2005).”

“The need to make strong emotional attachments to others has been shown to be true through to and including adulthood as well, through the relationships people have with romantic others (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and friends (Weiss, 1988).”

“Previous RII research (Pilkington, 1989) has shown that differences in the perceptions of risk in intimacy distinguish the three styles of romantic attachment proposed by Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“This idea has been examined most frequently with reference to late-adolescent or young-adult romantic relationships (for example, Hazan and Shaver, 1987); less attention has been paid to its relevance to peer affiliations earlier in adolescence (but see Freeman and Brown, 2001).”

“This method of measuring attachment by breaking down each Hazan and Shaver (1987) prototype into separate items was used in previous research on death anxiety and attachment (Mikulincer et al., 1990).”

“Simpson divided Hazan and Shaver’s (1987) three descriptions of forced-choice measurements (i.”

“Several studies have found an association between the quality of romantic relationships and partners’ attachment histories with their parents (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“It was especially significant that factors for the original styles of attachment first noted by Hazan and Shaver (1987) for adults were not found.”

“Self-report studies working with the RQ and with the Hazan and Shaver Self Report (HSSR; Hazan and Shaver, 1987) report insecure, mainly fearful-avoidant and dismissingavoidant attachment (Thorberg and Livers, 2006; De Rick and Vanheule, 2007; De Rick et al., 2009; Finzi-Dottan et al., 2003;…”

“Adult attachment style has been examined within intimate and romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and reflects attitudes about the self and other that are either positive or negative (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991).”

“Approximately half of adults are securely attached, and, unfortunately, the rate of secure attachment is even lower for individuals with disabilities (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Howe, 2006; Mikulincer & Orbach, 1995).”

“Originally focused on child–parent relationships, attachment theory has been subsequently extended to adult relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“User attachment is defined as a user’s psychological ties to other users in his or her social network (Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer and Shaver, 2007; Xu et al., 2012; Oldmeadow et al., 2013).”

“…parameters (Adamczyk and Bookwala, 2013; Bartholomew and Horowitz, 1991; Fraley and Davis, 1997; Fraley and Shaver, 1998; Harms, 2011; Hazan and Shaver, 1987; Zeifman and Hazan, 2008), health condition (McWilliams and Bailey, 2010), health practices (Davis et al., 2015), eating…”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) extended attachment theory to adults, and their findings confirmed that the relationship betweenromanticpartnerssharesasimilarmotivationalsystemwhich was developed in childhood.”

“…to this attachment system with primary caregivers can result in alternative working models of relationships that affect subsequent relationship functioning characterized by two key dimensions: attachment avoidance and anxiety (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Simpson, Collins, Farrell, & Raby, 2015).”

“The first self-report measure of attachment widely used with adults was developed by Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“Research has also found that avoidance based attachment (i.e. Bartholomew and Horowitz’s dismissive and fearful categories) is associated with a pessimistic view of relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) and avoidance of SELF (Dependence) self-disclosure (Mikulincer & Nachshon, 1991).”

“On the contrary, Hazan and Shaver [55] (pp. 522–523), although finding a certain continuity in attachment style between childhood and adulthood, obtained significant but not strong correlations: “The average person participates in several friendships and love relationships, each of which provides an opportunity to rev…”

“Adult romantic love has been argued to bear many similarities to the early attachment process (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) developed a questionnaire which classified adult participants into three attachment patterns, according to their feelings and behavior in a romantic relationship.”

“Attachment styles are consistently observed in individuals responding in close attachment relationships and are referred to in current literature as anxious, avoidant, a combination of both anxious and avoidant, and secure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“These findings are in line with earlier findings that mistrust is often translated into relational problems during adult life (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Secure Attachment: Based on Bowlby's [4,5] attachment theory and the measure of attachment styles developed by Hazan and Shaver [24], three short paragraphs were presented to the respondents: For example, for the secure attachment style: "It is relatively easy for me to become emotionally close to people".”

“To measure attachment style, one study (Ponizovsky et al, 2007) used Hazan and Shaver's three-category measure (Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ), whereas the other (Berry et al, 2008 ) used a newly developed patient-oriented questionnaire (Berry et al, 2006 ) not focusing specifically on romantic relationships.”

“…others through interactions with primary caregivers, usually in one’s family of origin, individuals form an attachment style that shapes their ability to regulate distance and closeness in both familial and romantic relationships into adulthood (Bowlby, 1988; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Johnson, 1996).”