Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process.

“In Western societies where nuclear families predominate, the romantic partner is the primary attachment figure for most adults (Bartholomew, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“In the late 1980s, it was proposed that the aforementioned attachment processes governing infant-caregiver attachment relationships should also influence individuals’ thoughts and emotions regarding close others in adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Most researchers of adult attachment relationships have followed Hazan and Shaver’s lead and explicitly or implicitly treated attachment constructs as independent variables that influenced adult relationship outcomes (Kobak, 1999; Lewis, Feiring, & Rosenthal, 2000). This emphasis on stable internal, cognitive working…”

“The attachment style measure was based on the self-reporting scale developed by Hazan and Shaver (1988). The scale contains descriptions of three attachment styles according to Ainsworth (1978): secure, avoidant, and anxious-ambivalent.”

“Bowlby said that attachment processes are part of normal adult life, and attachment theory is now used in a wide variety of studies of adult relationships (Florian, Mikulincer, and Hirschberger 2002; Hazan and Shaver 1987; Mikulincer and Shaver 2001; Smith, Murphy, and Coats 1999).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) extended attachment theory by linking attachment styles to adolescence and adulthood, particularly as it relates to how one manages one’s love relationships.”

“1 3 Romantic attachment (RA) can be thought of in this format (Fraley & Roisman, 2019; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1994; Siegel et al., 2018), organized into variable security patterns (Fraley & Roisman, 2019; Furman & Collibee, 2018; Girme et al., 2018; Godbout et al., 2017) that, more or less…”

“In this scenario, children may develop a negative attachment to their parents, believing that they are not valued, supported or protected by them (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…bonding patterns, known as attachment styles, arise from varying levels of responsiveness, availability, and consistency of the infant–caretaker interaction (Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991), and later form the basis for adult romantic relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Holmes & Johnson, 2009).”

“Attachment has been conceptualised as a motivational system that tightly interacts with other motivational systems including sexuality (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) built on the work of Ainsworth and Bell (1970) and identified three main attachment styles.”

“…invest in long-term relationships (e.g., Gillath & Schachner, 2006; Pistole, Clark, & Tubbs, 1995), find it hard to believe in romantic love (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Jones & Cunningham, 1996), and are less likely to experience passionate or selfless love (e.g., Doherty, Hatfield, Thompson, &…”

“Consider attachment theory (Bowlby, 1969), which is a highly influential theoretical perspective in the study of close relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2007).”

“Collins and Read (1990) developed their original scale based on descriptions of adult attachment styles from Hazan and Shaver (1987).”

“…model for parental rearing, family functioning, and adult attachment (all the path coefficients are p < .001). research, specifically that adult attachment is associated with perceived rearing and family functioning among both men and women (Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Florian, 1998, 1999).”

“…and certain types of interaction with significant large figures in early life (e.g. the caregiver in attachment theory), some essential psychological capacities relevant to human life as an adult are formed (e.g. the ability to maintain stable romantic relations: e.g. Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“(15) explored the possibility that romantic love in adults is an attachment process.”

“This was possibly due to the use of a one-item attachment measure by Hazan and Shaver (1987) that has been criticised for its brevity (Collins and Read, 1990).”

“Compared with other traits, people with a secure attachment style are more harmonious with others during their interactions, and more satisfied with their interpersonal relationships (Feeney & Noller, 1990; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Levy et al., 1998; Main et al., 1985; McCormack et al., 2005).”

“” The threat to attachment in the couple relationship is highly linked to stress (Hazan and Shaver, 1987).”

“As Mikuliner and Shaver [30] write, summarizing the research connecting insecure attachment in adults and loneliness, “patterns of chronic loneliness were similar in certain respects to the insecure infant attachment patterns identified by Ainsworth and her colleagues” (p. 164).”

“Bowlby’s theoretical propositions on relationships, bonds and affect regulation were initially studied in the interactions between infants and caregivers (attachment figures), but later applied in adult close relationships [51].”

“Similarly, from a perspective based in attachment theory, an individual who has experienced warm and supportive relationships with his/her parents is more likely to form a harmonious relationship with a significant other as an adult (e.g., Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“…7, 690–702, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2014.899569 Over the past 25 years, attachment has evolved from an examination of the child–caregiver bond to an examination of attachment within several other domains, including familial and romantic relationships in adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Independent samples t-tests analysing associations between the four continuous attachment variables in Part B of the Relationship Questionnaire and the two subjects (occupational therapy and commerce) yielded a statistically significant relationship between course of study and secure attachment style (t = -2.95, df =…”

“…theory, repeated experiences of the individual with his or her protective other (i.e., attachment figure) results in a consolidation of chronically accessible working models that lead to the formation of relatively stable individual differences in interpersonal interactions (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The IWM scale measures adult attachment style in the same way as the Attachment Style Questionnaire (Hazan & Shaver, 1987) developed by Toda in Japanese.”

“The RSQ, which we take as the test bank for the present study, has been classifi ed as an omnibus measure (Roisman, Holland, Fortuna, Fraley, Clausell, & Clarke, 2007), since it takes items from Hazan & Shaver (1987), Collins & Read (1990), as well as statements from the RQ.”

“Attachment style, proposed as a model of child and caregiver attachment and responses (Bowlby 1969), has been extended to adult relationships by focusing on individual differences in attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance (Hazan and Shaver 1987).”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) found securely attached people to recall secure childhood relationships with primary caregivers.”

“Attachment anxiety and avoidance were assessed with a 10-item scale developed by Mikulincer, Florian, and Tolmacz (1990), who adapted Hazan and Shaver (1987) descriptions of avoidant and anxious attachment styles and constructed five items to represent each dimension.”

“Hazan and Shaver (1987) used infant attachment theory as a framework for examining how adult romantic relationships are related to early parent–child interactions.”

“…that these IWMs will prevail and may influence later attachment relationships, such as the attachment relationships to romantic partners, as well as relationships between the parents and their own child (Fox, Platz, & Bentley, 1995; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Nelson-Coffey, Borelli, & River, 2017).”

“Attachment theory and perceptions in close relationships Attachment theory, initially developed by Bowlby (1982) with children, forms the basis on which to formulate adult romantic relationships as a meaningful context for the affective bond between partners (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“The internal working model of attachment expressed in adulthood is known as one’s adult attachment style (AAS) [19], and can be applied to romantic attachments [20], as well as attachments to pets [21,22].”

“Attachment theory links adult love with socioemotional processes (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“For adolescents, the family serves as the initial place of modeling and relationships built in the family help set a framework for future relationships (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Since then researchers have applied attachment theory to adult relationships suggesting that romantic partnerships are the adult instantiation of attachment in childhood (e.g., Ainsworth 1991; Hazan and Shaver 1987; Mikulincer and Shaver 2007).”

“The research of Mikulincer and Shaver has been based almost exclusively on the self-report measures that originated with a simple model first devised by Hazan and Shaver (1987) for studying attachment in romantic couple relationships.”

“John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth’s theory of attachment describes an emotional connection reciprocally experienced between two individuals—such as between a parent and child or between spouses (Ainsworth, 1989; Bowlby, 1982; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“These findings are consistent with the large body of work finding no differences in the general well-being of individuals from divorced and intact families (e.g., Brennan & Shaver, 1993; Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“Pre-morbid attachment style was assessed using the updated version of the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Hazan & Shaver, 1987, 1990).”

“Adult attachment theorists have speculated that the internal working model, although amenable to change, is the mechanism responsible for continuity in quality of attachments from childhood to adulthood (Hazan & Shaver, 1987).”

“lifespan (see Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991; Hazan & Shaver, 1987 ).”

“These secure or insecure working models tend to persist and accompany people throughout their lifespan, thus influencing their future close relationships (Collins et al., 2010; Hazan & Shaver, 1987; Mikulincer & Shaver, 2008).”

“For example, Hazan and Shaver (1990) found that dispositionally secure adults show positive work attitudes and performance, whereas dispositionally insecure adults reported that they preferred to work alone, worried about their work performance, were easily distracted at work, and had difficulty meeting deadlines.”

“The personal attachment between two closely related individuals is an extensively researched field [1, 2] which has already engendered various concepts and models [3, 4, 5].”