Cited by 600Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionSocial and Intergroup PsychologyPersonality Traits and Psychology

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Self‐image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources

Steele, Claude M., Spencer, Steven J., Lynch, Michael·1993·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

It was predicted that high self-esteem Ss (HSEs) would rationalize an esteem-threatening decision less than low self-esteem Ss (LSEs), because HSEs presumably had more favorable self-concepts with which to affirm, and thus repair, their overall sense of self-integrity. This prediction was supported in 2 experiments within the "free-choice" dissonance paradigm--one that manipulated self-esteem through personality feedback and the other that varied it through selection of HSEs and LSEs, but only when Ss were made to focus on their self-concepts. A 3rd experiment countered an alternative explanation of the results in terms of mood effects that may have accompanied the experimental manipulations. The results were discussed in terms of the following: (a) their support for a resources theory of individual differences in resilience to self-image threats--an extension of self-affirmation theory, (b) their implications for self-esteem functioning, and (c) their implications for the continuing debate over self-enhancement versus self-consistency motivation.

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Authors: Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Spencer, Steven J.
Lynch, Michael
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 64
Issue: 6
Pages: 885-896
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.885
OpenAlex: W1996343423
Cited by: 600
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
FWCI: 9.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: self-esteem, cognitive dissonance, self-affirmation, self-concept, self-integrity, personality feedback, self-enhancement, individual differences
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Dissociative Disorders, Feedback, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personality Development, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Social Support

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Self‐image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources

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