The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some studies have found that women, who are more expressive, also report experiencing more emotion than men (Choti, Marston, Holston, & Hart, 1987; Greenwald et al., 1989; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Schwartz et al., 1980)”
From Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. (1998) · cites this paper as Gross & Levenson, 1993
In the citing paper
“Previous research has shown that inhibiting emotion-expressive behavior (emotion suppression) leads to increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system (Gross & Levenson, 1993).”
From Cardiovascular costs of emotion suppression cross ethnic lines. (2008) · cites this paper as Gross & Levenson, 1993
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,006
Sturm, V. E., Yokoyama, J. S., Eckart, J. A., Zakrzewski, J., Rosen, H. J., Miller, B. L., Seeley, W. W., & Levenson, R. W. (2015) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.002 · Cited by 65
Self-citationGender Differences in Psychophysiological Responses to Disgust
Rohrmann, S., Hopp, H., & Quirin, M. (2008) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.22.2.65 · Cited by 70
Masculine Discrepancy Stress, Emotion-Regulation Difficulties, and Intimate Partner Violence
Berke, D. S., Reidy, D. E., Gentile, B., & Zeichner, A. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516650967 · Cited by 67
Beatty, G. F., & Janelle, C. M. (2019) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2019.1695140 · Cited by 81
Social Anxiety and Positive Outcome Expectancies on Risk-Taking Behaviors
Kashdan, T. B., Collins, R. L., & Elhai, J. D. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9017-x · Cited by 64
Vishkin, A., Bloom, P. B., & Tamir, M. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9956-9 · Cited by 69
Emotion Regulation and Perceptions of Hostile and Constructive Criticism in Romantic Relationships
Klein, S. R., Renshaw, K. D., & Curby, T. W. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.10.007 · Cited by 73
Reduced Effective Emotion Regulation in Night Owls
Watts, A. L., & Norbury, R. (2017) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/0748730417709111 · Cited by 64
Garland, E. L., Carter, K., Ropes, K., & Howard, M. O. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.010 · Cited by 62
Tull, M. T., Schulzinger, D., Schmidt, N. B., Zvolensky, M. J., & Lejuez, C. W. (2007) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445506297020 · Cited by 61
Mocaiber, I., Sanchez, T. A., Pereira, M. G., Erthal, F. S., Joffily, M., de Araújo, D. B., Volchan, E., & Oliveira, L. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.003 · Cited by 63
How is Willpower Possible? The Puzzle of Synchronic Self‐Control and the Divided Mind
Sripada, C. (2012) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0068.2012.00870.x · Cited by 64
Physiological and cognitive effects of expressive dissonance
Robinson, J. L., & Demaree, H. A. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2006.08.003 · Cited by 62
Schwager, S., & Rothermund, K. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.750599 · Cited by 70
Donahue, J. J., McClure, K. S., & Moon, S. M. (2013) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000025 · Cited by 67
Executing Facial Control During Deception Situations
Hurley, C. M., & Frank, M. G. (2011) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10919-010-0102-1 · Cited by 70
The problem of overcontrol: Perfectionism, emotional inhibition, and personality disorders
Dimaggio, G., MacBeth, A. M., Popolo, R., Salvatore, G., Perrini, F., Raouna, A., Osam, C. S., Buonocore, L., Bandiera, A., & Montano, A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.03.005 · Cited by 73
Puterman, E., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Gross, J. J., Whooley, M. A., & Cohen, B. E. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.05.008 · Cited by 61
Self-citationEmotion regulation of fear and disgust: differential effects of reappraisal and suppression
Olatunji, B. O., Berg, H. E., & Zhao, Z. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1110117 · Cited by 66
Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Cognitive Control of Emotion
Lantrip, C., Gunning, F. M., Flashman, L. A., Roth, R. M., & Holtzheimer, P. E. (2017) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000386 · Cited by 67
Kobylińska, D., Zajenkowski, M., Lewczuk, K., Jankowski, K. S., & Marchlewska, M. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00861-7 · Cited by 81
Burns, J. W., Bruehl, S. P., & Caceres, C. (2004) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2703_7 · Cited by 61
Mapping the emotional labor and work of visual journalism
Thomson, T. J. (2018) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884918799227 · Cited by 60
Zeidan, R. K., Haddad, C., Hallit, R. R., Akel, M., Honein, K., Akiki, M., Kheir, N., Hallit, S. R., & Obeïd, S. (2019) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0270-2 · Cited by 61
When Aggressive Individuals See the World More Accurately
Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211430233 · Cited by 60
Experienced emotions, emotion regulation and student activity in a web-based learning environment
Vuorela, M., & Nummenmaa, L. (2004) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/bf03173219 · Cited by 60
Stress and Illness: A Role for Specific Emotions
LEVENSON, R. W. (2019) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000736 · Cited by 68
Self-citationvanOyen Witvliet, C., DeYoung, N. J., Hofelich, A. J., & DeYoung, P. A. (2011) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2011.577091 · Cited by 59
The Neural Correlates of Emotion Regulation by Implementation Intentions
Hallam, G. P., Webb, T. L., Sheeran, P., Miles, E., Wilkinson, I. D., Hunter, M. D., Barker, A. T., Woodruff, P. W. R., Totterdell, P., Lindquist, K. A., et al. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119500 · Cited by 117
Sripada, C. (2020) · Noûs · doi:10.1111/nous.12332 · Cited by 59
Jaeger, S. R., & HEDDERLEY, D. I. (2012) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.06.004 · Cited by 58
Alexithymia and posttraumatic stress: subscales and symptom clusters
Declercq, F., Vanheule, S., & Deheegher, J. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20715 · Cited by 59
Abler, B., Hofer, C., Walter, H., Erk, S., Hoffmann, H., Traue, H. C., & Kessler, H. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.05.010 · Cited by 62
Morris, S. S. J., Musser, E. D., Tenenbaum, R. B., Ward, A. R., Martinez, J. F., Raiker, J. S., Coles, E. K., & Riopelle, C. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00593-8 · Cited by 66
Edwards, K., & Bryan, T. S. (1997) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167297238006 · Cited by 59
Negative emotions, value and relationships: Differences between women and men
Babin, B. J., Griffin, M., Borges, A. A., Jr., & Boles, J. S. (2013) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.04.007 · Cited by 62
Clinical Features of Young Children Referred for Impairing Temper Outbursts
Roy, A. K., Klein, R. G., Angelosante, A. G., Bar‐Haim, Y., Leibenluft, E., Hulvershorn, L. A., Dixon, E., Dodds, A., & Spindel, C. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0005 · Cited by 61
Assche, L. V., de Ven, L. V., Vandenbulcke, M., & Luyten, P. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2019.1571017 · Cited by 58
Zvolensky, M. J., Eifert, G., & Lejuez, C. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.2.148 · Cited by 61
Repression: Finding Our Way in the Maze of Concepts
Garssen, B. (2007) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9122-7 · Cited by 57
Demaree, H. A., Robinson, J. L., Pu, J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2006) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930500405303 · Cited by 56
Fernandes, M. A., & Tone, E. B. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102068 · Cited by 66
A Proposal for a Mindfulness-Based Trauma Prevention Program for Social Work Professionals
Berceli, D., & Napoli, M. (2006) · Complementary health practice review · doi:10.1177/1533210106297989 · Cited by 56
Acceptance and Mindfulness-Based Approaches to the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Batten, S. V., Orsillo, S. M., & Walser, R. D. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-25989-9_10 · Cited by 56
Catterson, A. D., Eldesouky, L., & John, O. P. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.004 · Cited by 53
Individual differences in resting heart rate variability moderate thought suppression success
Gillie, B. L., Vasey, M. W., & Thayer, J. F. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12443 · Cited by 55
Conscious Regulation of Sexual Arousal in Men
Winters, J., Kalina Christoff, A., & Gorzalka, B. B. (2009) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224490902754103 · Cited by 59
The Association Between Emotion Regulation, Physiological Arousal, and Performance in Math Anxiety
Pizzie, R. G., & Kraemer, D. J. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.639448 · Cited by 65
Assessing mood in older adults: a conceptual review of methods and approaches
BROWN, L. J. E., & Astell, A. J. (2012) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610212000075 · Cited by 58
Peira, N., Fredrikson, M. G., & Pourtois, G. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.12.008 · Cited by 54
Gerlach, A. L., Spellmeyer, G., Vögele, C., Huster, R., Stevens, S., Hetzel, G., & Deckert, J. (2006) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000203284.53066.4b · Cited by 53
‘Be Cool!’: Emotional costs of hiding feelings in a job interview
Sieverding, M. (2009) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2009.00481.x · Cited by 58
Olney, N. T., Goodkind, M. S., Lomen‐Hoerth, C., Whalen, P. K., Williamson, C. A., Holley, D. E., Verstaen, A., Brown, L. M., Miller, B. L., Kornak, J., et al. (2011) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awr297 · Cited by 54
Self-citationSchaefer, H. S., Larson, C. L., Davidson, R. J., & Coan, J. A. (2014) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.12.011 · Cited by 54
Natural language indicators of differential gene regulation in the human immune system
Mehl, M. R., Raison, C. L., Pace, T. W. W., Arevalo, J. M. G., & Cole, S. W. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1707373114 · Cited by 52
Regulating Feelings During Interpersonal Conflicts by Changing Voice Self-perception
Costa, J. M. D. R., Jung, M. F., Czerwinski, M. P., Guimbretière, F. V., Le, T., & Choudhury, T. (2018) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3173574.3174205 · Cited by 60
Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Dissanayake, C., & Uljarević, M. (2018) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.010 · Cited by 55
The Body's Response to Processing Emotional Trauma: Linking Verbal Text with Autonomic Activity
Hughes, C. F., Uhlmann, C., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00309.x · Cited by 54
Moore, D., & Konrath, S. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2014.07.001 · Cited by 53
Brain potentials to emotional pictures are modulated by alexithymia during emotion regulation
Walker, S., O'Connor, D. B., & Schaefer, A. (2011) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0042-1 · Cited by 54
Sustainable Compassion Training: Integrating Meditation Theory With Psychological Science
Condon, P., & Makransky, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02249 · Cited by 53
The emotional brain: Combining insights from patients and basic science
Rosen, H. J., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2009) · Neurocase · doi:10.1080/13554790902796787 · Cited by 51
Self-citationEmotion dysregulation and schizotypy
Henry, J. D., Green, M. J., Restuccia, C., de Lucia, A., Rendell, P. G., McDonald, S., & Grisham, J. R. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.01.007 · Cited by 52
Chapter 11 Using an emotion regulation framework to predict the outcomes of emotional labor
Mikolajczak, M., Tran, V., Brotheridge, C. M., & Gross, J. J. (2009) · Research on emotion in organizations · doi:10.1108/s1746-9791(2009)0000005013 · Cited by 69
Self-citationManaging perceptions of distress at work: Reframing emotion as passion
Wolf, E. B., Lee, J. J., Sah, S., & Brooks, A. W. (2016) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2016.07.003 · Cited by 64
Giese‐Davis, J., Dimiceli, S., Sephton, S. E., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.04.003 · Cited by 55
The effects of acceptance and suppression on anticipation and receipt of painful stimulation
Braams, B. R., Blechert, J., Boden, M. T., & Gross, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.04.001 · Cited by 51
Self-citationNegative feedback and performance: The moderating effect of emotion regulation
Raftery‐Helmer, J. N., & Bizer, G. Y. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.04.024 · Cited by 50
Emotion Regulation Following Social Exclusion: Psychological and Behavioral Strategies
Riva, P. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_10 · Cited by 54
Greenaway, K. H., & Kalokerinos, E. K. (2017) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2017.1331874 · Cited by 54
Deviant sexual thoughts: Mental control and the treatment of sexual offenders
Johnston, L. C., Ward, T. J., & Hudson, S. M. (1997) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499709551876 · Cited by 49
Roberts, N. A., Beer, J. S., Werner, K. H., Scabini, D., Levens, S. M., Knight, R. T., & LEVENSON, R. W. (2004) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.4.3.307 · Cited by 50
Self-citationExpressive suppression during an acoustic startle
Hagemann, T., Levenson, R. W., & Gross, J. J. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00382.x · Cited by 69
Self-citationFisher, A. J., Granger, D. A., & Newman, M. G. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.12.007 · Cited by 58
Social responses to expressive suppression: the role of personality judgments
Tackman, A. M., & Srivastava, S. (2016) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000053 · Cited by 50
Skripkauskaitė, S., Hawk, S. T., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., van Lier, P. A. C., & Meeus, W. (2015) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21583 · Cited by 55
The disgust-promotes-disposal effect
Han, S., Lerner, J. S., & Zeckhauser, R. (2012) · Journal of Risk and Uncertainty · doi:10.1007/s11166-012-9139-3 · Cited by 57
Blau, G. J., Bentley, M. A., & Eggerichs, J. J. (2012) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/13620431211283788 · Cited by 49
Dixon–Gordon, K. L., Turner, B. J., Rosenthal, M. Z., & Chapman, A. L. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.03.001 · Cited by 49
Sympathetic and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal asymmetry in generalized anxiety disorder
Reeves, J. W., Fisher, A. J., Newman, M. G., & Granger, D. A. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12634 · Cited by 45
Garland, E. L., Brown, S. M., & Howard, M. O. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9675-9 · Cited by 47
Cousineau, T. M., & Shedler, J. (2006) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000221373.74045.51 · Cited by 47
Tăut, D., Renner, B., & Băban, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00359 · Cited by 47
Breathing Scarf: Using a First-Person Research Method to Design a Wearable for Emotional Regulation
Cochrane, K. A., Cao, Y., Girouard, A., & Loke, L. (2022) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3490149.3501330 · Cited by 47
Parlamis, J. D. (2012) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444061211199322 · Cited by 46
Roos, L. G., Levens, S. M., & Bennett, J. M. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.026 · Cited by 46
Chapter 25 Laboratory testing of emotion and frontal cortex
LEVENSON, R. W., Ascher, E. A., Goodkind, M. S., McCarthy, M., Sturm, V. E., & Werner, K. H. (2008) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/s0072-9752(07)88025-0 · Cited by 46
Self-citationExperiential avoidance, cognitive fusion, and an ACT approach to anorexia nervosa
Hayes, S. C., & Pankey, J. (2002) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(02)80055-4 · Cited by 53
Consequences of Repression of Emotion: Physical Health, Mental Health and General Well Being
Patel, J., & Patel, P. (2019) · International Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research · doi:10.14302/issn.2574-612x.ijpr-18-2564 · Cited by 45
Franz, P. J., Kleiman, E. M., & Nock, M. K. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10214-8 · Cited by 51
Cui, L., Tang, G., & Huang, M. (2022) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12529 · Cited by 46
The neural bases of expressive suppression: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging studies
Sikka, P., Stenberg, J., Vorobyev, V., & Gross, J. J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104708 · Cited by 53
Self-citationBuyukturkoglu, K., Roettgers, H., Sommer, J. B., Rana, M., Dietzsch, L., Arikan, B. E., Veit, R., Malekshahi, R., Kircher, T. T. J., Birbaumer, N., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135872 · Cited by 45
Doolan, E. L., Bryant, R. A., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.005 · Cited by 47
Langer, S. L., Romano, J. M., Todd, M. W., Strauman, T. J., Keefe, F. J., Syrjala, K. L., Bricker, J. B., Ghosh, N., Burns, J. W., Bolger, N. P., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01843 · Cited by 45
Emotion regulation choice: a broad examination of external factors
Young, G. R., & Suri, G. (2019) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2019.1611544 · Cited by 46
Menges, J. I., Kilduff, M. J., Kern, S., & Bruch, H. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.002 · Cited by 47
Schraub, E. M., Stegmaier, R., & Sonntag, K. (2011) · Journal of Change Management · doi:10.1080/14697017.2010.514002 · Cited by 51
The associations of emotion regulation and dysregulation with the metabolic syndrome factor
Kinnunen, M.-L., Kokkonen, M., Kaprio, J. A., & Pulkkinen, L. (2005) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.02.004 · Cited by 48
Development of emotion regulation across the first two years of college
Park, C. L., Williams, M. K., Hernandez, P. R., Agocha, V. B., Lee, S. Y., Carney, L. M., & Loomis, D. (2020) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.09.009 · Cited by 58
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 970-986
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4247909000
- Cited by
- 1,262
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Keywords
- emotional suppression, emotion regulation, physiological measures, self-report, expressive behavior, emotional expression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review