The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some studies have found that women, who are more expressive, also report experiencing more emotion than men (Choti, Marston, Holston, & Hart, 1987; Greenwald et al., 1989; Gross & Levenson, 1993; Schwartz et al., 1980)”
From Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology. (1998) · cites this paper as Gross & Levenson, 1993
In the citing paper
“Previous research has shown that inhibiting emotion-expressive behavior (emotion suppression) leads to increased sympathetic activation of the cardiovascular system (Gross & Levenson, 1993).”
From Cardiovascular costs of emotion suppression cross ethnic lines. (2008) · cites this paper as Gross & Levenson, 1993
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review
Gross, J. J. (1998) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271 · Cited by 9,916
Self-citationEmotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229
Self-citationEmotion regulation: affective, cognitive, and social consequences.
Gross, J. J. (2002) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1017/s0048577201393198 · Cited by 4,890
Self-citationAutonomic nervous system activity in emotion: a review
Kreibig, S. D. (2010) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010 · Cited by 3,188
Lerner, J. S., Li, Y., Valdesolo, P., & Kassam, K. S. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043 · Cited by 2,913
DePaulo, B. M., Lindsay, J. J., Malone, B. E., Muhlenbruck, L., Charlton, K., & Cooper, H. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.74 · Cited by 2,479
Ochsner, K. N., Ray, R. D., Cooper, J. C., Robertson, E. R., Chopra, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Gross, J. J. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.030 · Cited by 2,113
Self-citationThe Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation: Reappraisal and Suppression of Negative Emotion
Goldin, P. R., McRae, K., Ramel, W., & Gross, J. J. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.05.031 · Cited by 1,886
Self-citationMechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review
Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003 · Cited by 1,753
Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns.
Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.774 · Cited by 1,724
Emotion regulation and mental health
Gross, J. J., & Muñoz, R. F. (1995) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1995.tb00036.x · Cited by 1,595
Self-citationThe social consequences of expressive suppression
Butler, E. A., Egloff, B., Wlhelm, F. H., Smith, N. C., Erickson, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.48 · Cited by 1,400
Self-citationPhillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2008.65 · Cited by 1,383
Emotion Regulation in Adulthood: Timing Is Everything
Gross, J. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00152 · Cited by 1,430
Self-citationEmotion Regulation: Past, Present, Future
Gross, J. J. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379186 · Cited by 1,482
Self-citationEmotion work and psychological well-being
Zapf, D. (2002) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(02)00048-7 · Cited by 1,246
Sloan, E., Hall, K., Moulding, R., Bryce, S., Mildred, H., & Staiger, P. K. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.002 · Cited by 1,052
Sex differences in emotion: Expression, experience, and physiology.
Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.686 · Cited by 1,067
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a dual-process framework.
Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544160 · Cited by 1,015
Self-citationWenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.59 · Cited by 1,063
Kashdan, T. B., Barrios, V., Forsyth, J. P., & Steger, M. F. (2006) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.003 · Cited by 994
Cognitive, Emotional, and Language Processes in Disclosure
Pennebaker, J. W., & Francis, M. E. (1996) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999396380079 · Cited by 986
Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x · Cited by 969
Self-report captures 27 distinct categories of emotion bridged by continuous gradients
Cowen, A. S., & Keltner, D. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1702247114 · Cited by 897
The role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in emotion-related phenomena: A review and update
Harmon‐Jones, E., Gable, P. A., & Peterson, C. K. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.08.010 · Cited by 919
Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: a transdiagnostic examination
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.06.002 · Cited by 860
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810
Experiential avoidance as a functional dimensional approach to psychopathology: An empirical review
Chawla, N., & Ostafin, B. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20400 · Cited by 805
The Extended Process Model of Emotion Regulation: Elaborations, Applications, and Future Directions
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2015.989751 · Cited by 996
Self-citationOn the Nature of Emotion Regulation
Campos, J. J., Frankel, C. B., & Camras, L. (2004) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00681.x · Cited by 749
Situational Strategies for Self-Control
Duckworth, A. L., Gendler, T. S., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615623247 · Cited by 800
Self-citationDan‐Glauser, E., & Scherer, K. R. (2011) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0064-1 · Cited by 739
Emotion regulation and the anxiety disorders: An integrative review
Cisler, J. M., Olatunji, B. O., Feldner, M. T., & Forsyth, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9161-1 · Cited by 607
Composure at Any Cost? The Cognitive Consequences of Emotion Suppression
Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992511010 · Cited by 607
Self-citationExploring the Role of Emotions in Injustice Perceptions and Retaliation.
Barclay, L. J., Skarlicki, D. P., & Pugh, S. D. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.4.629 · Cited by 606
Emotion regulation and aggression
Roberton, T., Daffern, M., & Bucks, R. S. (2011) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.006 · Cited by 679
On the embodiment of emotion regulation: interoceptive awareness facilitates reappraisal
Füstös, J., Gramann, K., Herbert, B. M., & Pollatos, O. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss089 · Cited by 530
Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy
Schulte-Rüther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Piefke, M. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.180 · Cited by 536
Physicians down-regulate their pain empathy response: An event-related brain potential study
Jean Decety, A., Yang, C.-Y., & Cheng, Y. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.01.025 · Cited by 532
Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy
Decety, J. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910374662 · Cited by 521
Integrating emotion regulation and emotional intelligence traditions: a meta-analysis
Sarrionandia, A., Mikolajczak, M., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00160 · Cited by 634
Self-citationGrandey, A. A., Fisk, G. M., & Steiner, D. D. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.893 · Cited by 526
Emotion expression in human punishment behavior
Xiao, E., & Houser, D. E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0502399102 · Cited by 505
Cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory response patterns to fear‐ and sadness‐inducing films
Kreibig, S. D., Wilhelm, F. H., Roth, W. T., & Gross, J. J. (2007) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x · Cited by 495
Self-citationCôté, S., & Morgan, L. M. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.174 · Cited by 540
Classifying Affect-regulation Strategies
Parkinson, B., & Totterdell, P. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379285 · Cited by 527
Wild, B., Erb, M., & Bartels, M. (2001) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00225-6 · Cited by 475
Levitt, J. T., Brown, T. A., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D. H. (2004) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(04)80018-2 · Cited by 479
The Discrete Emotions Questionnaire: a new tool for measuring state self-reported emotions
Harmon-Jones, C., Bastian, B., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0159915 · Cited by 473
A Social Interaction Model Of The Effects Of Emotion Regulation On Work Strain
CÔTÉ, S. (2005) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2005.17293692 · Cited by 669
The Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
LEVENSON, R. W. (1999) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/026999399379159 · Cited by 463
Self-citationHaga, S. M., Kraft, P., & Corby, E.-K. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9080-3 · Cited by 530
Going to the heart of the matter
Kubzansky, L. D., & Kawachi, I. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00091-4 · Cited by 442
Fabes, R. A., Poulin, R. E., Eisenberg, N., & Madden‐Derdich, D. A. (2002) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1300/j002v34n03_05 · Cited by 569
Brockman, R., Ciarrochi, J., Parker, P., & Kashdan, T. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1218926 · Cited by 427
Sbarra, D. A., & Hazan, C. (2008) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868308315702 · Cited by 427
Is Timing Everything? Temporal Considerations in Emotion Regulation
Sheppes, G., & Gross, J. J. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310395778 · Cited by 473
Self-citationHarmon‐Jones, E., & Gable, P. A. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12879 · Cited by 443
Intentional modulation of emotional responding to unpleasant pictures: An ERP study
Moser, J. S., Hajcak, G., Bukay, E., & Simons, R. F. (2006) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00402.x · Cited by 392
Hatfield, E. C., Bensman, L., Thornton, P., & Rapson, R. L. (2014) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v8i2.162 · Cited by 417
Jackson, D. C., Mueller, C. J., Dolski, I., Dalton, K. M., Nitschke, J. B., Urry, H. L., Rosenkranz, M. A., Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1473.x · Cited by 368
Rottenberg, J. A., Kasch, K. L., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.135 · Cited by 360
Self-citationSalters-Pedneault, K., Roemer, L., Tull, M. T., Rucker, L., & Mennin, D. S. (2006) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9055-4 · Cited by 356
Predictors and Parameters of Resilience to Loss: Toward an Individual Differences Model
Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00601.x · Cited by 397
Empirical foundations for writing in prevention and psychotherapy
Esterling, B. A., L’Abate, L., Murray, E. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1999) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(98)00015-4 · Cited by 346
Negative Emotional Reactions to Project Failure and the Self‐Compassion to Learn from the Experience
Shepherd, D. A., & Cardon, M. S. (2009) · Journal of Management Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00821.x · Cited by 356
LEVENSON, R. W. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1280.016 · Cited by 376
Self-citationThe influence of context on the implementation of adaptive emotion regulation strategies
Aldao, A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.004 · Cited by 401
Gratz, K. L. (2006) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.238 · Cited by 368
Is passion contagious? The transference of entrepreneurial passion to employees
Cardon, M. S. (2008) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.04.001 · Cited by 331
Emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9772-2 · Cited by 329
Self-citationGarland, E. L., Gaylord, S. A., Boettiger, C. A., & Howard, M. O. (2010) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2010.10400690 · Cited by 319
Emotion Regulation in Romantic Relationships: The Cognitive Consequences of Concealing Feelings
Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2003) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075030205002 · Cited by 323
Self-citationAssociation of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression
Ohira, H., Nomura, M., Ichikawa, N., Isowa, T., Iidaka, T., Sato, A., Fukuyama, S., Nakajima, T., & Yamada, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.047 · Cited by 318
Krause, E. D., Mendelson, T., & Lynch, T. R. (2003) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/s0145-2134(02)00536-7 · Cited by 311
The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes: Is Freud Really Dead?
Westen, D. (1999) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306519904700404 · Cited by 320
Emotional Labor and Burnout: A Review of the Literature
Jeung, D.-Y., Kim, C., & Chang, S. J. (2018) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2018.59.2.187 · Cited by 310
Modulation of Amygdalar Activity by the Conscious Regulation of Negative Emotion
Schaefer, S. M., Jackson, D. C., Davidson, R. J., Aguirre, G. K., Kimberg, D. Y., & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902760191135 · Cited by 306
Bertrand, P., Guegan, J., Robieux, L., McCall, C., & Zenasni, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00026 · Cited by 347
The psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: Fear memory imagery
Cuthbert, B. N., Lang, P. J., Strauss, C., Drobes, D., Patrick, C. J., & Bradley, M. M. (2003) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.00043 · Cited by 285
Taking Pen to Hand: Evaluating Theories Underlying the Written Disclosure Paradigm
Sloan, D. M., & Marx, B. P. (2004) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph062 · Cited by 284
Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Burns, L. R., & Schwerdtfeger, A. R. (2006) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.356 · Cited by 286
Cardiac responses associated with affective processing of unpleasant film stimuli
Palomba, D., Sarlo, M., Angrilli, A., Mini, A., & Stegagno, L. (2000) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(99)00099-9 · Cited by 280
Ego depletion and aggressive behavior: Is the inhibition of aggression a limited resource?
Stucke, T. S., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.285 · Cited by 280
van Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.052 · Cited by 271
Affective neuroscience: the emergence of a discipline
Davidson, R. J., & Sutton, S. K. (1995) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0959-4388(95)80029-8 · Cited by 278
Crossing the line(s): A dual threshold model of anger in organizations
Geddes, D., & Callister, R. R. (2007) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2007.25275495 · Cited by 280
Self-Control in School-Age Children
Duckworth, A. L., Gendler, T. S., & Gross, J. J. (2014) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.926225 · Cited by 304
Self-citationInfluence of Gender on Parental Socialization of Children's Sadness Regulation
Cassano, M. C., Perry-Parrish, C. K., & Zeman, J. L. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00381.x · Cited by 269
Kobylińska, D., & Kusev, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00072 · Cited by 328
The role of emotion regulation in chronic pain: A systematic literature review
Koechlin, H., Coakley, R., Schechter, N. L., Werner, C. P., & Kossowsky, J. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.02.002 · Cited by 261
Liverant, G. I., Brown, T. A., Barlow, D. H., & Roemer, L. (2008) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.001 · Cited by 253
Vanderlind, W. M., Millgram, Y., Baskin-sommers, A. R., Clark, M. S., & Joormann, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101826 · Cited by 278
Emotion Regulation Moderates the Association between Empathy and Prosocial Behavior
Lockwood, P. L., Seara‐Cardoso, A., & Viding, E. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096555 · Cited by 297
Sheppes, G., Catran, E., & Meiran, N. (2008) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.06.006 · Cited by 267
Facets of emotional Expressivity: Three self-report factors and their correlates
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (1995) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00055-b · Cited by 359
Self-citationAddis, M. E. (2008) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00125.x · Cited by 403
Strategic automation of emotion regulation.
Gallo, I. S., Keil, A., McCulloch, K. C., Rockstroh, B., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013460 · Cited by 235
Cole, S. W., Kemeny, M. E., Taylor, S. E., Visscher, B. R., & Fahey, J. L. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199605000-00005 · Cited by 235
Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S., Hirayama, S., & Petrova, G. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.1.23 · Cited by 237
Metadata
- Authors
- Gross, J. J., & Levenson, R. W.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 970-986
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4247909000
- Cited by
- 1,262
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 71 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 6.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Deception detection and forensic psychology
- Keywords
- emotional suppression, emotion regulation, physiological measures, self-report, expressive behavior, emotional expression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review