Cited by 821Social and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchNames, Identity, and Discrimination Research

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Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures.

Wittenbrink, Bernd, Judd, Charles M., Park, Bernadette·1997·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262

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Abstract

The content of spontaneously activated racial stereotypes among White Americans and the relation of this to more explicit measures of stereotyping and prejudice were investigated. Using a semantic priming paradigm, a prime was presented outside of conscious awareness (BLACK or WHITE), followed by a target stimulus requiring a word-nonword decision. The target stimuli included attributes that varied in valence and stereotypicality for Whites and African Americans. Results showed reliable stereotyping and prejudice effects: Black primes resulted in substantially stronger facilitation to negative than positive stereotypic attributes, whereas White primes facilitated positive more than negative stereotypic traits. The magnitude of this implicit prejudice effect correlated reliably with participants' scores on explicit racial attitude measures, indicating that people's spontaneous stereotypic associations are consistent with their more controlled responses.

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“…of studies demonstrating the discriminate predictive validity of implicit and explicit measures of social attitudes (e.g., Blair, 2001; Dovidio et al., 2002; Fazio et al., 1995; Greenwald and Banaji, 1995; Pelham et al., 2005; Rudman, 2004; Spalding and Hardin, 1999; Wittenbrink et al., 1997).”
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Background
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“Implicit tests measure attitudes indirectly, often using reaction times or behavioral responses rather than relying on self-report (e.g., Fazio, Jackson, & Dunton, 1995; Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998; Payne, Cheng, Govorun, & Stewart, 2005; Wittenbrink, Judd, & Park, 1997 ).”
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“As a result, the use of explicit measures has led American race relations researchers to conclude that racial prejudice has been in a continuous decline over the past 40 years, whereas less obtrusive techniques (such as experiments and priming studies) indicate no such decline (Crosby et al., 1980; Wittenbrink et al.,…”
Result
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Authors: Wittenbrink, B., Judd, C. M., & Park, B.
Affiliations: University of Colorado System (US)
ORCID: Wittenbrink, Bernd
Judd, Charles M.
Park, Bernadette
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1997-02
Volume: 72
Issue: 2
Pages: 262-274
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.72.2.262
OpenAlex: W1978374884
Cited by: 821
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 47
FWCI: 92.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH-45049, R01MH045049)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
Keywords: racial stereotypes, semantic priming, implicit attitudes, African Americans, White Americans
MeSH terms: Adult, Awareness, Black or African American, Female, Humans, Male, Prejudice, Race Relations, Stereotyping, Word Association Tests, White People

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Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures.

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