In a very different voice: Unmasking moral hypocrisy.
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Perspective taking and affective empathy ultimately produce more positive orientations toward the other person and a greater interest in the other's welfare.
“Both ultimately produce more positive orientations toward the other person and a greater interest in the other’s welfare.86”
From Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology (2007) · cites this paper as [86]
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Altruism and Prosocial Behavior
Batson, C. D., & Powell, A. A. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0519 · Cited by 1,353 · see citing works
Self-citationLIES IN DISGUISE-AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CHEATING
Fischbacher, U., & Föllmi-Heusi, F. (2013) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/jeea.12014 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
“Methodologically, our design is related to the procedure of Batson et al. (1997) where subjects were asked to assign a good and a bad task to themselves and another subject by reporting the result of a coin flip and to the random response method used in social psychology (Warner 1965).”
BackgroundMethodAbeler, J., Nosenzo, D., & Raymond, C. (2016) · Econometrica · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2840132 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Justified ethicality: Observing desired counterfactuals modifies ethical perceptions and behavior
Shalvi, S., Dana, J., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2011) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.02.001 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology
Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
“Both ultimately produce more positive orientations toward the other person and a greater interest in the other’s welfare.(86) Many studies have documented the positive effect of provider empathy on patients, which include increased patient satisfaction, adherence, self-efficacy, perceptions of control, less emotional…”
BackgroundI should but I won’t: Why young children endorse norms of fair sharing but do not follow them
Smith, C. E., Blake, P. R., & Harris, P. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059510 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
“This line of explanation parallels research on moral hypocrisy in adults, showing that many adults want to be moral but succumb to temptation when the costs are high [37,38].”
ResultObjective Self-Awareness Theory: Recent Progress and Enduring Problems
Silvia, P. J., & Duval, T. S. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0503_4 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Honesty Requires Time (and Lack of Justifications)
Shalvi, S., Eldar, O., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2012) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612443835 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
“We believe that when studying situational factors such as time pressure and its interplay with private justifications (or the lack of private justifications) for lying, aggregate data provide a useful tool (e.g., Batson et al., 1997; Greene & Paxton, 2009).”
MethodMinson, J. A., & Monin, B. (2011) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611415695 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Lammers, J., Stapel, D. A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797610368810 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
What we say and what we do: The relationship between real and hypothetical moral choices
FeldmanHall, O., Mobbs, D., Evans, D., Hiscox, L. V., Navrady, L. B., & Dalgleish, T. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.02.001 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
“…others would be more influential in real moral situations compared to hypothetical ones, an experimental test (Study 1b) would reveal the opposite (Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997; Tetlock, 2003).1 To test our hypotheses, we used both real and hypothetical versions of a…”
ResultBatson, C. D., Lishner, D. A., Carpenter, A., Dulin, L., Harjusola-Webb, S. M., Stocks, E. L., Gale, S., Hassan, O. M., & Sampat, B. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203254600 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationBehavioral Ethics: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Moral Judgment and Dishonesty
Bazerman, M. H., & Francesca Gino, B. (2012) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102811-173815 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Houser, D. E., Vetter, S., & Winter, J. (2012) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2012.08.001 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Tsang, J.-A. C. (2002) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.6.1.25 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
“Specifically, in the case of a person motivated toward morality as a means to another end, if there arises another, less costly opportunity to reach the goal of appearing moral, that alternative will be taken in place of upholding moral principles (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundEthically adrift: How others pull our moral compass from true North, and how we can fix it
Moore, C., & Gino, F. (2013) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2013.08.001 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“colleagues demonstrated that people were more likely to treat themselves preferentially (and others unfairly) as long as the context offered an easy justification or way to obscure the fact that they were doing so (Batson et al., 1997; Batson et al., 1999).”
BackgroundMiller, C. (2013) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199674350.001.0001 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
DeScioli, P., & Kurzban, R. (2009) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.008 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
“Moral hypocrisy has been demonstrated in the laboratory (Batson & Thompson, 2001; Batson, Thompson, Seuferling , Whitney, & Strongman, 1999; Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundThe development of egalitarianism, altruism, spite and parochialism in childhood and adolescence
Fehr, E., Glätzle‐Rützler, D., & Sutter, M. (2013) · European Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2013.09.006 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“While this has been shown to be the case for adults (Batson et al., 1997, 2002), only recent work by Shaw et al. (2013) has illustrated the same pattern for children.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAttitude, Machiavellianism and the Rationalization of Misreporting
Murphy, P. R. (2011) · Accounting Organizations and Society · doi:10.1016/j.aos.2012.04.002 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. A. (2007) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01961.x · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“To examine these hypotheses, we modified a paradigm developed by Batson et al. (1997).”
MethodThe duality of virtue: Deconstructing the moral hypocrite
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2008.03.010 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Moral hypocrisy: Addressing some alternatives.
Batson, C. D., Thompson, E. R., & Chen, H. C. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.330 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Self-citationWhy Don't Moral People Act Morally? Motivational Considerations
Batson, C. D., & Thompson, E. R. (2001) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00114 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Ironically, this hypocrisy pattern was especially strong among persons scoring high on a self-report measure of moral responsibility (Batson et al., 1997; Batson, Thompson, Seuferling, Whitney, & Strongman, 1999).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMorality and behavioural regulation in groups: A social identity approach
Ellemers, N., Pagliaro, S., & Barreto, M. (2013) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463283.2013.841490 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Motivated Bayesians: Feeling Moral While Acting Egoistically
Gino, F., Norton, M. I., & Weber, R. A. (2016) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.30.3.189 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
“As a specific example, consider the situation analyzed by Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, and Wilson’s (1997) study, in which participants in a laboratory experiment distribute two tasks between themselves and another participant: a positive task (where correct responses to a task earn tickets to a raffle) an…”
MethodMoral disengagement in self‐reported and peer‐nominated school bullying
Obermann, M. (2010) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20378 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Setting the Justice Agenda: Seven Unanswered Questions about “What, Why, and How”
Greenberg, J. (2001) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1792 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Implicit self-concept and moral action
Perugini, M., & Leone, L. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.03.015 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“The written instructions,modeled after Batson et al. (1997), described two different tasks, one positive (referred to as reward task) and one negative (referred to as neutral task).”
BackgroundAsymmetrical Effects of Justice Sensitivity Perspectives on Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
Gollwitzer, M., Schmitt, M., Schalke, R., Maes, J., & Baer, A. (2005) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-005-7368-1 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Studies on deceit ( Batson et al., 1997, 1999; Hartshorne and May,1928)andbystanderintervention(Clarkson,1996)demonstratehowstrongly moral behavior depends on the situational context.”
BackgroundZhong, C., Ku, G., Lount, R. B., & Murnighan, J. K. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0161-6 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Wisman, A., & Koole, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.511 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Financial deprivation selectively shifts moral standards and compromises moral decisions
Sharma, E., Mažar, N., Alter, A. L., & Ariely, D. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.09.001 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
From inconsistency to hypocrisy: When does “saying one thing but doing another” invite condemnation?
Effron, D. A., O'Connor, K. S., Leroy, H., & Lucas, B. J. (2018) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2018.10.003 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Approach, Ability, Aftermath: A Psychological Process Framework of Unethical Behavior at Work
Moore, C., & Gino, F. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2015.1011522 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“In a series of studies examining this phenomenon, Batson and his colleagues showed that individuals consistently assign themselves the more appealing of two tasks (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundBroken When Entering: The Stigmatization of Goodness and Business Ethics Education
Giacalone, R. A., & Promislo, M. D. (2012) · Academy of Management Learning and Education · doi:10.5465/amle.2011.0005a · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Rooting for (and Then Abandoning) the Underdog
Kim, J., Allison, S. T., Eylon, D., Goethals, G. R., Markus, M. J., Hindle, S. M., & McGuire, H. (2008) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00403.x · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Kipperman, B. S., Morris, P., & Rollin, B. E. (2018) · Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.104619 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Morality shifting in the context of intergroup violence
Leidner, B., & Castano, E. (2011) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.846 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
How social relationships shape moral wrongness judgments
Earp, B. D., McLoughlin, K. L., Monrad, J. T., Clark, M. S., & Crockett, M. J. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-26067-4 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Development, reliability, and validity of the Moral Identity Questionnaire
Black, J. E., & Reynolds, W. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.041 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Effects of Anger, Guilt, and Envy on Moral Hypocrisy
Polman, E., & Ruttan, R. L. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167211422365 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“For example, Batson and colleagues (Batson et al., 1997; Batson et al., 1999) report that people who make the decision between completing a boring task and a fun task by flipping a coin assign themselves to the fun task about 80% of the time—a substantial increase from the 50% that one would expect by chance.”
BackgroundBlind loyalty? When group loyalty makes us see evil or engage in it
Hildreth, J. A. D., Francesca Gino, B., & Bazerman, M. H. (2015) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.10.001 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
When Values and Behavior Conflict: Moral Pluralism and Intrapersonal Moral Hypocrisy
Graham, J., Meindl, P., Koleva, S. P., Iyer, R., & JOHNSON, K. (2015) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12158 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Although people who score high on a moral responsibility assessment are more likely to flip the coin – that is, appear to make the fair and moral choice – they are no less likely to assign themselves the positive consequence (Batson et al., 1997; 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-Interest Bias in Moral Judgments of Others’ Actions
Bocian, K., & Wojciszke, B. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214529800 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“Unsurprisingly, 16 of 20 participants assigned the positive task to themselves, and even when they were allowed to flip a coin to make a fair decision, 10 of 20 individuals flipped the coin; nevertheless, 9 individuals assigned the positive task to themselves (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundHigh levels of psychopathic traits alters moral choice but not moral judgment
Tassy, S., Deruelle, C., Mancini, J., Leistedt, S., & Wicker, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00229 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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Zane, D. M., Irwin, J. R., & Reczek, R. W. (2015) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2015.10.002 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Abstraction increases hypocrisy
Lammers, J. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.006 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
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Moral masquerades: Experimental exploration of the nature of moral motivation
Batson, C. D. (2007) · Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11097-007-9058-y · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Batson et al. (1997b) used two techniques to introduce wiggle room: They allowed participants to flip a coin (in private) to assign the tasks (Study 2) or to accept a “random” assignment that they knew gave them the positive task (Study 3). Results of each technique led to the same conclusion, so I shall focus only on…”
MethodSelf-citationMoral Foundations Theory and the Psychology of Charitable Giving
Nilsson, A., Erlandsson, A., & Västfjäll, D. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2256 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…of morality while serving their self-interest and opposing their explicitly endorsed moral principles (Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997), and moral behaviour in real decision situations can contradict moral choices made in hypothetical decision situations (FeldmanHall et…”
BackgroundBatson, C. D. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073911402380 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Batson et al. (1997) used this simple dilemma to unmask the nature of moral motivation by introducing ambiguity (wiggle room) into the link between moral appearance and reality, allowing individuals to pursue self-interest without having to look selfish (Snyder, Kleck, Strenta, & Mentzer, 1979).”
MethodSelf-citationAlicke, M. D., Gordon, E., & Rosé, D. (2012) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089.2012.677397 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Deontic Justice and Organizational Neuroscience
Cropanzano, R., Massaro, S., & Becker, W. J. (2016) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3056-3 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Our moral lapses (Batson 2006; Batson et al. 1997) and self-deceptions (Batson et al.”
BackgroundCorruption in the Context of Moral Trade-offs
Dungan, J. A., Waytz, A. G., & Young, L. (2014) · Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics · doi:10.1177/0260107914540832 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Beyond Dominance and Competence: A Moral Virtue Theory of Status Attainment
Bai, F. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316649297 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
CSR as hypocrisy avoidance: a conceptual framework
Jauernig, J., & Valentinov, V. (2019) · Sustainability Accounting Management and Policy Journal · doi:10.1108/sampj-05-2018-0141 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Moral hypocrisy, power and social preferences
Rustichini, A., & Villeval, M. C. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.08.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“First, it helps understand how moral reflection influences economic behavior.”
The Link Between Self-Dehumanization and Immoral Behavior
Kouchaki, M., Dobson, K. S. H., Waytz, A. G., & Kteily, N. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618760784 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Just think about it”? Cognitive complexity and moral choice
Moore, C., & Tenbrunsel, A. E. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2013.10.006 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
‘Doing Business After the Fall: The Virtue of Moral Hypocrisy’
Batson, C. D., Collins, E. C., & Powell, A. A. (2006) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-0011-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationCarpenter, T. P., & Marshall, M. A. (2009) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01454.x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
THE UROLOGY RESIDENCY MATCHING PROGRAM IN PRACTICE
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Moral cleansing as hypocrisy: When private acts of charity make you feel better than you deserve.
O'Connor, K. S., Effron, D. A., & Lucas, B. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000195 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
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Moral hypocrisy: impression management or self-deception?
Lönnqvist, J., Irlenbusch, B., & Walkowitz, G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.06.004 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Modeling Morality in 3‐D: Decision‐Making, Judgment, and Inference
Yu, H., Siegel, J. Z., & Crockett, M. J. (2018) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12382 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Male pragmatism in negotiators’ ethical reasoning
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Psychological distance increases uncompromising consequentialism
Aguilar, P., Brussino, S., & Dols, J. M. F. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.01.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
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Hindering Harm and Preserving Purity: How Can Moral Psychology Save the Planet?
Rottman, J., Kelemen, D. A., & Young, L. (2015) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12195 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
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“Moreover, such behaviors are ‘the right thing to do’ and as such affirm one’s 152 morality (see [45]).”
BackgroundThe effects of punishment and appeals for honesty on children’s truth-telling behavior
Talwar, V., Arruda, C. M., & Yachison, S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hidden Paths from Morality to Cooperation: Moral Judgments Promote Trust and Trustworthiness
Simpson, B., Harrell, A. M., & Willer, R. (2013) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot015 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Each participant either did or did not see the ostensible other assign him/herself to the positive consequences task, an action that prior work (Batson et al. 1997) and pretesting suggested that participants would consider unfair.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGamma, K., Mai, R., & Loock, M. (2018) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-018-3930-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Information Acquisition and Opportunistic Behavior in Managerial Reporting
Church, B. K., Hannan, R. L., & Kuang, X. (2013) · Contemporary Accounting Research · doi:10.1111/1911-3846.12036 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Eavesdropping on character: Assessing everyday moral behaviors
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Attitude, Machiavellianism and the Rationalization of MisreportingPreprint
Murphy, P. R. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1222972 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Liu, X. K., Wright, A. M., & Wu, Y. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2156-1 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Brand hypocrisy from a consumer perspective: scale development and validation
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Protect thyself: How affective self-protection increases self-interested, unethical behavior
Winterich, K. P., Mittal, V., & Morales, A. C. (2014) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The four pillars of corporate responsibility: ethics, leadership, personal responsibility and trust
Mostovicz, E. I., Kakabadse, A., & KAKABADSE, N. K. (2011) · Corporate Governance · doi:10.1108/14720701111159307 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Another related issue, moral hypocrisy ( Batson et al. , 1997”
BackgroundDishonestly increasing the likelihood of winning
Shalvi, S. (2012) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500002266 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“A growing body of research provides evidence that, given the possibility to lie without getting caught, people lie (e.g., Barkan, Ayal, Gino, & Ariely, 2012; Mazar, et al. 2008; Vohs & Schooler, 2007; Batson, et a., 1997; Greene & Pax-ton, 2009; Hao & Hauser, 2010; Lammers et al. 2010).”
The Grateful Don’t Cheat: Gratitude as a Fount of Virtue
DeSteno, D. A., Duong, F., Lim, D., & Kates, S. (2019) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797619848351 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Derfler-Rozin, R. R., Moore, C., & Staats, B. R. (2016) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.2016.1094 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
People avoid situations that enable them to deceive others
Shalvi, S., Handgraaf, M. J. J., & Dreu, C. K. W. D. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.04.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Studies on Moral Hypocrisy (Batson et al., 1997; 1999) as well as neoclassical economic theory would predict that individuals would be attracted to all those situations in which they can appear fair while (secretly) serving personal self-interest.”
Anticipating and Resisting the Temptation to Behave Unethically
Sheldon, O. J., & Ayelet Fishbach, B. (2015) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167215586196 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-reported ethical risk taking tendencies predict actual dishonesty
Zimerman, L., Shalvi, S., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2014) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500004988 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Normative Self-Interest or Moral Hypocrisy?: The Importance of Context
Watson, G. W., & Sheikh, F. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9348-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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Harkrider, L. N., Tamborski, M., Wang, X., Brown, R. P., Mumford, M. D., Connelly, S., & Devenport, L. D. (2013) · Ethics & Behavior · doi:10.1080/10508422.2012.714246 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Despite the powerful ability for incentives to motivate desired performance ( Baldwin & Krotseng, 1985 ; Pinder, 2008 ), incentives can have negative effects, leading to increased unethical behavior ( Batson, Kobrynowicz, Dinnerstein, Kampf, & Wilson, 1997 ).”
BackgroundConnected Moral Agency in Organizational Ethics
Watson, G. W., Freeman, R. E., & Parmar, B. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-007-9497-y · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Still others will emphasize the ego-affirmative role of values in justifying and rationalizing a course of action (Batson et al., 1997; Kristiansen and Zanna, 1988; Watson et al., 2004).”
BackgroundTwo-Faced Morality: Distrust Promotes Divergent Moral Standards for the Self Versus Others
Weiß, A., Burgmer, P., & Mussweiler, T. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167218775693 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Moral values and increasing stakes in a dictator game
Schier, U. K., Ockenfels, A., & Hofmann, W. (2016) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2016.06.004 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Dong, M., van Prooijen, J., & Lange, P. A. M. V. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219382 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Why drivers use cell phones and support legislation to restrict this practice
Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Behrends, A. A., Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2016) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.010 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Dols, J. M. F., Aguilar, P. C., Campo, S., Vallacher, R. R., Janowsky, A., Rabbia, H. H., Brussino, S., & Lerner, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.02.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“What remained were the instructions that Batson described as making the moral norm salient: ‘‘Most participants feel that giving both people an equal chance is the fairest way to assign themselves and the other participant to the task (you have a coin if you wish)” (Batson et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
- Authors
- Batson, C. D., Kobrynowicz, D., Dinnerstein, J. L., Kampf, H. C., & Wilson, A. D.
- ORCID
- Batson, C. Daniel
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1997
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1335-1348
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4297917739
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 0.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- moral hypocrisy, moral dissonance, self-presentation
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