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Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement
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“Other studies suggest that trait vengefulness (or the tendency to be unforgiving) is associated with an increase in maladaptive, avoidance-based relationship behaviors (McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997).”
From Gratitude and forgiveness: convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings. (2010) · cites this paper as McCullough et al., 1998
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Hourigan, K. L. (2018) · Humanity & Society · doi:10.1177/0160597618801049 · Cited by 8
“…the transgressor acknowledges responsibility for the act and accepts blame (Darby and Schlenker 1982; Eaton et al. 2006; Exline and Baumeister 2000; McCullough et al. 1998; McCullough, Worthington, and Rachal 1997; Ohbuchi, Kameda, and Agarie 1989; Weiner et al. 1991) or expresses remorse, whether…”
BackgroundInfluentialThorson, A. R. (2018) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407518799978 · Cited by 8
Recoder, S., Gámiz, M., Worthington, E. L., Davis, D. E., & Fernández-Capo, M. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00368-w · Cited by 8
“On their study, Davis et al. provided initial evidences of discriminant validity of the DTFS as different from total forgiveness as measured by the TRIM-12 (McCullough et al. 1998), and studied the association of the construct with a single item that assessed stage of change regarding forgiveness (i.e. to what extent…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationEntrepreneurial apologies: The mediating role of forgiveness on future cooperation
Clarke, S. L., & Rhodes, E. S. (2019) · Journal of Business Venturing Insights · doi:10.1016/j.jbvi.2019.e00147 · Cited by 8
Escala de Disposição para Perdoar: estrutura, consistência interna e invariância fatorial
Gouveia, V. V., Freires, L. A., Gouveia, R. S. V., et al. (2015) · Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) · doi:10.1590/0103-166x2015000200001 · Cited by 8
Reisert, E., & Conte, J. M. (2004) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/b:jobu.0000040273.78289.0d · Cited by 8
Always on my mind: The impact of relational ambivalence on rumination upon supervisor mistreatment
Ingram, K. E. (2015) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2015.13595abstract · Cited by 8
“Commitment to a relationship also strengthens over time (e.g., McCullough et al., 1998; Bradfield & Aquino, 1999; Fincham, 2000; Orth, 2004; Kidder, 2007).”
BackgroundThe development and psychometric properties of the grudge aspect measure
van Monsjou, E., Muise, A., Fergus, K. D., & Struthers, C. W. (2022) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12434 · Cited by 10
Gratitude to God and relational virtues
Zuniga, S. G., Hodge, A. S., Ellis, H. M., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., & Tongeren, D. R. V. (2023) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2023.2239770 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, the TRIM scales demonstrated high convergent validity by positively correlating with other measures of forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodvan der Wal, R. C., Levelt, L., Kluwer, E. S., & Finkenauer, C. (2024) · Family Transitions · doi:10.1080/28375300.2024.2310432 · Cited by 7
Cowden, R. G., Worthington, E. L., Chung, C. A., & Chen, Z. J. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13090992 · Cited by 10
“Emotions and motivations are strongly related, so EF (and less certainly DF) can reduce vengeful and (sometimes) avoidant motivations through replacement with benevolent and conciliatory motivations [4].”
Self-citationDevelopment of the Factors Related to Forgiveness Inventory (FRFI)
Blatt, L. J., & Wertheim, E. H. (2014) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000211 · Cited by 7
“These changes occur even though the offended party continues to view the offender’s harmful actions as unjust (Enright, et al, 1991; McCullough et al., 1997; 1998).”
BackgroundAssessing a Faith-Based Program for Trauma Healing Among Jail Inmates: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Jang, S. J., Johnson, B. R., Bradshaw, M., & Na, C. (2022) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x221110804 · Cited by 7
“Specifically, we used a single item to measure forgiveness (Krause & Hayward, 2013) and two items to measure vengeful rumination (McCullough et al., 1998; see Appendix), which had good internal reliability at the pretest and posttest ( α = .748 and .780).”
MethodStackhouse, M. R. D., Boon, S. D., & Paulin, M. M. (2023) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2929 · Cited by 7
Ding, J., Wu, Y.-W., & Yan, W. (2023) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605231198809 · Cited by 7
“The RM subscale of the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory was developed by McCullough et al. (1998).”
BackgroundMethodREACH Forgiveness: A Narrative Analysis of Group Effectiveness
Worthington, E. L. (2024) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2024.2340593 · Cited by 7
“The outcome measures in forgiveness efficacy research on most psychoeducational groups typically include the Transgression-Related Inventory of Motivations (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
Self-citationForgiveness in Wives Experiencing Domestic Violence
Sartika, D., & Amalia, N. F. (2014) · International Journal of Social Science and Humanity · doi:10.7763/ijssh.2014.v4.354 · Cited by 7
Meta-Analyses of the Reliabilities of Measures of Forgiveness and Humility
Card, N. A. (2017) · Research in Human Development · doi:10.1080/15427609.2017.1411719 · Cited by 7
“Measures using this approach include the Enright Forgiveness Inventory (EFI; Subkoviak et al., 1995) and Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
MethodMeasuring predictors of psychopathology in Italian adolescents: Forgiveness, avoidance and revenge
Barcaccia, B., Ioverno, S., Salvati, M., Medvedev, O. N., Pallini, S., & Vecchio, G. M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01414-2 · Cited by 11
Relationship outcomes following a service failure: the role of agent likability
Radu, A., Quach, S., Thaichon, P., Surachartkumtonkun, J., & Weaven, S. K. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-07-2021-0510 · Cited by 8
The HEXACO Model of Personality, Religiosity, and Trait Forgiveness
Matuszewski, K., & Moroń, M. (2022) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-022-01006-2 · Cited by 16
“, 2005; Shepherd & Belicki, 2008) and between religiosity and forgiveness (Fehr et al., 2010; McCullough et al., 1998; Riek & Mania, 2012).”
BackgroundBeyond “Cold Emotion and Rumination”
Singh, A. K., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000026 · Cited by 6
Wang, W., Liu, S., Worthington, E. L., & Li, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316267 · Cited by 9
“[12] suggested that forgiveness entails a pro-social change in motivation,”
BackgroundSelf-citationWhen Love Hurts: Understanding Hurtful Events in Couple Relationships
Feeney, J. A. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.016 · Cited by 7
Linguistic analysis of interpersonal forgiveness: Process trajectories
Leach, M. M., Greer, T. F., & Gaughf, J. (2009) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.09.005 · Cited by 8
Mothers Characters and Adolescence Depression
Jafari, F., Yousefi, Z., & Manshaee, G. (2014) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2014.32010 · Cited by 10
“Forgiveness has been hypothesized to be facilitated by positive emotions associated with love and altruism (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundBeliefs of Counselor Trainees about Forgiveness
İKİZ, F. E., Otlu, B. M., & Asıcı, E. (2015) · Educational Sciences Theory & Practice · doi:10.12738/estp.2015.2.2205 · Cited by 7
“…of the relationship between the two sides (Bugay & Demir, 2011, 2012; McCullough et al., 1998), who the offender is (Bugay & Demir, 2012; Hoyt & McCullough, 2005), and the willingness of the offender to apologize to the offended (Bugay & Demir, 2011; Eaton et al., 2007; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialA fault confessed is half redressed—Confessions and punishment
Utikal, V. (2011) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2011.11.001 · Cited by 7
Sutton, G. W., & Thomas, E. K. (2005) · American Journal of Pastoral Counseling · doi:10.1300/j062v08n02_02 · Cited by 7
“The differences are not trivial because they have driven both research (McCullough et al., 1998) and treatment (e.”
BackgroundHacker, D. S., Haywood, J. E., Maduro, R. S., Mason, T. B., Derlega, V. J., Harrison, S. B., & Socha, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2016.1157405 · Cited by 7
Yao, Z., & Enright, R. D. (2018) · International Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.17583/ijep.2018.2872 · Cited by 7
Öztürk, S. (2018) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2018.060532 · Cited by 7
Interpersonal forgiveness in late childhood: Associations with peer status
van der Wal, R. C., Karremans, J. C., & Cillessen, A. H. N. (2018) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2018.1491399 · Cited by 6
“In the first sample, children’s level of forgiveness was measured with a modified version of the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation Scale (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998; van der Wal et al., 2014).”
Method이아롱, & 구재선 (2009) · 한국심리학회지 사회및성격 · doi:10.21193/kjspp.2009.23.3.006 · Cited by 7
Investigating regional groundwater flow systems in baja california central desert region
Ouysse, S., Wehncke, E. V., & Rivera, J. J. C. (2018) · International Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.15406/ijh.2018.02.00057 · Cited by 7
Say You're Sorry: Children Distinguish Between Willingly Given and Coerced Expressions of Remorse
Smith, C. E., Anderson, D. A., & Straussberger, A. (2018) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.64.2.0275 · Cited by 7
“Expressions of guilt stir up compassion in others, making healing and forgiveness more likely (e.g., Lazare, 2006; McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundNouri, F. L., Lotfali, S., Sahranavard, S., Amiri, F., Fatideh, Z. A., & Fatideh, N. A. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0135-5 · Cited by 8
“The validity of this scale has been reported to be desired through its correlation with various variables, such as satisfaction with relationship, closeness, apology, and rumination (McCullough et al. 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWatanabe, S., & Laurent, S. M. (2019) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335/a000390 · Cited by 7
Grimm, J. P., Barnett, K. L., Bassett, R. L., Pearson, S. M., Cornell, A., Morton, S., Scott, K., & Stevenson, P. (2012) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711204000102 · Cited by 7
Providing compensation promotes forgiveness for replaceable, but not irreplaceable, losses
Komiya, A., Ohtsubo, Y., Oishi, S., & Mifune, N. (2017) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2017.1395792 · Cited by 7
“Although previous studies have validated the use of a single-item measure of forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1998; Subkoviak et al., 1995) and a number of studies have been successfully conducted using this sort of measure (e.g., Boon & Sulsky, 1997; Darby & Schlenker, 1982; Hareli & Eisikovits,…”
MethodMcDonald, J. E., Olson, J. R., Goddard, H. W., & Marshall, J. P. (2018) · Counseling and Values · doi:10.1002/cvj.12088 · Cited by 7
Pederson, J., & Faw, M. H. (2019) · Communication Reports · doi:10.1080/08934215.2019.1608281 · Cited by 7
“Unforgiveness The transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory (TRIM) measures state unforgiveness based on the understanding that forgiveness involves reducing feelings of revenge and avoidance towards a transgressor (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundApego adulto y perdón a la expareja en el contexto del divorcio-separación
Guzmán‐González, M., Almonte, S., Durán, D., Maechel, G., & Rivero, A. (2020) · Salud & Sociedad · doi:10.22199/issn.0718-7475-2019-03-017 · Cited by 7
Do offender and victim typical conflict styles affect forgiveness?
Donnoli, M., & Wertheim, E. H. (2012) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/10444061211199296 · Cited by 7
“Forgiveness may also be conceptualised as a motivational shift from avoidance and revenge to conciliation and goodwill ( McCullough et al. , 1998”
BackgroundDevelopment of the Forgiveness of Others Scale
Kato, T., & Taniguchi, H. (2009) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.57.158 · Cited by 8
Restoring Damaged Trust with Promises, Atonement and ApologyPreprint
Eric Schniter, A., Sheremeta, R. M., & Sznycer, D. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1975976 · Cited by 7
“…and apologies have also been shown to have great effect on eliciting forgiveness (Lewicki & Bunker 1996; Girard & Mullet 1997; Girard et al. 2002; McCullough et al. 1997, 1998; Ohbuchi et al. 1989; Tavuchis 1991; Witvliet et al. 2002; Benoit & Drew 1997) and ensuring future trust (De Cremer et…”
The attenuation effects of time and “sensemaking” surveys on customer revenge
Grégoire, Y., Khamitov, M., Carrillat, F. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-024-01046-5 · Cited by 6
“Formally, a desire for revenge is defined as a customer’s propensity to punish and harm a firm for the damage it has caused, whereas a desire for avoidance represents a customer’s propensity to avoid any contact with a firm (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Ding, J., Lin, Y., & Chen, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1496965 · Cited by 10
Mey, L. S., Khairudin, R., Muda, T. E. A. T., Nor, H. A. M., & Kamaluddin, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.816373 · Cited by 9
Why so toxic? A framework for exploring customer toxicity
Duffek, B., Eisingerich, A. B., & Merlo, O. (2023) · AMS Review · doi:10.1007/s13162-023-00257-3 · Cited by 6
“On the other hand, brand avoidance is frequently preceded by a severe transgression (McCullough et al., 1998; Bechwati & Morrin, 2003; Grégoire & Fisher, 2008; Fetscherin & Sampedro, 2019).”
BackgroundIt is OK to Express Guilt: The Prosocial Interpersonal Effects of Leader Guilt Display
Hong, B., Mao, J., & Liu, W. (2025) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-025-05925-x · Cited by 6
“Forgiveness involves a set of motivational changes: decreasing the desire to retaliate against an offender, decreasing the desire to maintain estrangement from the offender, and increasing motivation toward reconciliation (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Forbearance of culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors: a conceptual model
Kennedy, J. C. (2018) · Journal of Global Mobility The Home of Expatriate Management Research · doi:10.1108/jgm-04-2017-0016 · Cited by 6
Support Gaps Surrounding Conversations about Coping with Relational Transgressions
Pederson, J., High, A. C., & McLaren, R. M. (2019) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2019.1665197 · Cited by 6
“Motivations for Avoidance and Revenge The transgression-related interpersonal motivations (TRIM) inventory was used to assess transgressed individuals’ (un)forgiveness toward the transgressor (McCullough et al., 1998).”
MethodWang, H., Zhou, L., & Lei, L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211042572 · Cited by 6
“IF is the change of a series of prosocial motivations after an individual is offended, including the decrease of revenge and avoidance motivation and the increase of benevolence motivation (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundRebrov, D. O., Struthers, C. W., Li, J., Shoikhedbrod, A., & Guilfoyle, J. R. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2022.111639 · Cited by 6
Côté, M., Dufour, M., & Tremblay, J. (2022) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12596 · Cited by 6
Dispositional forgiveness buffers paranoia following interpersonal transgression
Ellett, L., Foxall, A., Wildschut, T., & Chadwick, P. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12755 · Cited by 8
“For example, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (McCullough et al., 1998) measures avoidance and re-venge motivations that might map onto paranoia, and the Rye Forgiveness Scale (Rye et al., 2001) assesses cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses which are dimensions that are central t…”
People roar at the sight of injustice: evidences from moral emotions
Li, X., Hou, M., He, Y., & Ma, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04014-w · Cited by 6
“…motivations (TRIM) scale, five items were rated using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree, McCullough et al., 1998), that is, “I hope the principal of scholarship evaluation activity make his/her pay”; “I wish that some-thing bad would…”
MethodSelf-regulation facilitates forgiveness in close relationships
Ho, M., Liang, S.-Y., & Tongeren, D. V. V. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04504-5 · Cited by 6
“Based on interdependence theory (Kelley & Thibaut, 1978; McCullough et al., 1997, 1998), the whole pro-social transformation process of forgiveness requires the practice of self-regulation (Finkel & Campbell, 2001; Halford et al., 1994).”
Kasprzak, A., Díaz, M. P. M., Molinero, C., et al. (2023) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.522011 · Cited by 6
Community Sanctification of Forgiveness
Bell, C., Woodruff, E. J., Davis, D. E., Tongeren, D. R. V., Hook, J. N., & Worthington, E. L. (2014) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711404200301 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe effects of brief prayer on the experience of forgiveness: An American and Indian comparison
Toussaint, L. L., Kamble, S. V., Marschall, J. C., & Duggi, D. B. (2015) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12139 · Cited by 6
“Beach, & Davila, 2004; McCullough et al., 1998).”
When will is not the same as should : The role of modals in reasoning with legal conditionals
Castañeda, L. E. G., & Knauff, M. (2015) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2015.1085067 · Cited by 6
“People are usually more forgiving and caring with those they are close with and whom they like (e.g., R. Fehr et al., 2010; McCullough et al., 1998; Sprecher & Fehr, 2005) and do not want them to be hurt or in danger (e.g., Buckley et al., 2012; see also Swann et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialReligious Leadership Failure: Forgiveness, Apology, and Restitution
Thomas, E. K., & Sutton, G. W. (2008) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349630802417851 · Cited by 6
“They, as well as others, (McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough et al., 1997), found the level of empathy the victim initially had towards the offender positively affected forgiveness.”
BackgroundUnderstanding forgiveness in the lives of religious people: the role of sacred and secular elements
Kidwell, J. E. M., Wade, N. G., & Blaedel, E. (2011) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2011.560598 · Cited by 6
“In two publications, McCullough and his colleagues found evidence that empathy is a key contributor to the development of forgiveness (McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Forgiveness and Trust on Relational Performance in the Purchasing of Business Services
노전표 (2010) · Journal of Global Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1080/12297119.2010.9707434 · Cited by 6
Paths to not forgiving: The roles of social isolation, retributive orientation, and moral emotions
Stackhouse, M. R. D. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.023 · Cited by 6
Trust as an Explanation for Relational Differences in Revenge
Rasmussen, K. R., Alibhai, A. M., Boon, S. D., & Ellard, J. H. (2016) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2016.1215314 · Cited by 6
“To help ensure that our results were robust to different measures of revenge, and to make use of a more commonly used measure, we used a modified version of the Transgression-Related Inventory of Motivations (McCullough et al., 1998) to measure desires to act in particular ways following a transgression.”
MethodInfluentialThe female spouse: A process of separation when a husband 'comes out' as gay
Daly, S. C., MacNeela, P., & Sarma, K. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203472 · Cited by 7
A IMPORTÂNCIA DO APEGO À MARCA PARA O ENGAJAMENTO EM CAUSAS DE RESPONSABILIDADE SOCIAL CORPORATIVA
Kamiya, A. S. M., Hernandez, J. M. D. C., Xavier, A. K. S., & Ramos, D. B. (2018) · Revista de Administração de Empresas · doi:10.1590/s0034-759020180605 · Cited by 7
The Distinctive Constitution of Feeling Hurt
Hardecker, D. J. K. (2019) · European Psychologist · doi:10.1027/1016-9040/a000390 · Cited by 6
Keterikatan Interpersonal pada Beberapa Etnis Besar di Indonesia
Nashori, H. F., Nurdin, M. N., Herawati, N., et al. (2020) · Jurnal Psikologi Sosial · doi:10.7454/jps.2020.07 · Cited by 6
Tao, L., Ji, M., Zhu, T., Fu, H. C., & Sun, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.569134 · Cited by 6
Sun, B., Mao, H., & Kang, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.563024 · Cited by 6
“That is, a sense of attachment will make it easier for users to forgive and understand community errors (Mccullough et al., 1998), and ignore some negative information in the community (Ahluwalia et al., 2000), and then choose to continue to stay in the virtual community, even when other users make…”
BackgroundVergeben: Eine Quelle von Wohlbefinden
Kämmerer, A. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13760-0_18 · Cited by 6
Romantic Attachment and Adjustment to Separation: The Role of Forgiveness of the Former Partner
Guzmán‐González, M., Włodarczyk, A., Contreras, P., Rivera-Ottenberger, D., & Garrido-Rojas, L. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01476-8 · Cited by 8
Çocuk ve Ergenlere Yönelik Affetme Müdahaleleri: Sistematik Gözden Geçirme
Asıcı, E. (2019) · Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology · doi:10.26650/sp2018-0041 · Cited by 9
Vergeben: Eine Quelle von Wohlbefinden
Kämmerer, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-71622-8_17 · Cited by 6
Kluwer, E. S. (2016) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12162 · Cited by 6
Kidwell, J. E. M. (2009) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1503 · Cited by 7
“…and often quite painful emotions including a desire to se k revenge for a hurt, feelings of strong dislike, hostility, anger, or even hatred towards an offender, and the desire to avoid contact with the offender (McCullough et al., 1998; Worthington & Wade, 1999; Wade, Worthington, & Meyer, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialTiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., Parihar, P., & Rai, P. K. (2020) · doi:10.22541/au.158981525.55950259 · Cited by 6
“…of transgression (Fincham et al., 2005); absence of apology (McCullough et al., 1998), the nature of the relationship (McNulty, 2011), emotions (McCullough et al., 1998), cognitions (McCullough et al., 2007) and personality attributes (Berry et al., 2005) are closely linked with…”
BackgroundInfluentialWhen apologizing hurts: Felt transgression and restoration efforts
Li, S., Radivojevic, I., Jain, K., & Conrad, C. (2022) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2672 · Cited by 5
Geng, Y., Cheng, Z., Shi, L., Zhan, T., Hu, Z., & Jin, W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15020237 · Cited by 5
“TRIM-12 is a 12-item, self-rating, and well-validated measure (McCullough et al., 1998) that assesses interpersonal motivations on two scales: five items for motivation to seek revenge (REV) against the person who caused harm, and seven items for motivation to avoid (AVO) personal and psychological…”
Ali, F., Annaraud, K., Nanu, L., Abbasi, G. A., & Alotaibi, S. (2025) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2025.2472366 · Cited by 5
“Customers avoid inter-acting with the firm (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Facial or non-facial? The impact of emoji types on chatbots’ service recovery
Wei, W., Cai, Z., & Mao, M. (2025) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-11-2024-1781 · Cited by 6
A Comparison of Relationship Behaviors
Eberly, B., Pasnak, R., Renshaw, K. D., & Chrosniak, L. D. (2013) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2013.411122 · Cited by 5
Perdão conjugal: uma explicação a partir dos valores humanos
da Fonsêca, P. N., Lopes, B. J., Gusmão, E. É. D. S., Pessoa, V. S., Couto, R. N., & Silva, M. I. F. (2017) · Temas em Psicologia · doi:10.9788/tp2017.4-20pt · Cited by 5
Attitudes About Forgiveness and Leaving a Relationship: The Context of Relationship Aggression
Ermer, A. E., Roach, A. L., Coleman, M. J., & H.Ganong, L. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260521997437 · Cited by 5
“, feelings of goodwill) toward the offender (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundAloia, L. S., & Pederson, J. (2021) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2021.1961014 · Cited by 6
“Emotional empathy is also related to reduced motivations toward destructive relationship behaviors, such as rumination, avoidance, and revenge (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialNoor, M., Chao, M. M., & Doosje, B. (2022) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12428 · Cited by 6
Don't tell me you are sorry with a gift: The negative consequences of apology gifts
de Hooge, I. E., & Straeter, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103144 · Cited by 5
Vaes, J., Orabona, N., Muslu, Ö., & Piazza, M. (2022) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221101317 · Cited by 5
“In line with this idea, a comprehensive apology has shown to increase victims’ willingness to forgive, to lower their anger and aggression toward the transgressor, and to validate the perceptions of the victim (McCullough et al., 1998; Ohbuchi et al., 1989).”
BackgroundReceiving forgiveness in the presence of an attentive audience
Twardawski, M., Blanke, T., & Gollwitzer, M. (2023) · Comprehensive Results in Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/23743603.2023.2224525 · Cited by 5
Batson, C. D. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197610923.003.0010 · Cited by 5
The effect of attributions and failure severity on consumer complain behaviors in sharing economy
Sofia, R. D., Afiff, A. Z., & Aruan, D. T. H. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2275848 · Cited by 8
“…consumptions and awareness that it will be unlikely that the same partner will serve them in the future may increase consumers’ forgiveness and empathy regardless of the controllability level (McCullough et al., 1998; Sinha & Lu, 2016), as well as reduce negative emotions (Mody et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSanctification of African American Couple Relationships and Relational Forgiveness
Skipper, A. D., Chaney, C., Rose, A. H., et al. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13026 · Cited by 5
Corporate good deed and service failure: does being good lead to forgiveness?
Yang, C. Y., Tjiptono, F., Lee, C. K. C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management · doi:10.1080/19368623.2024.2362732 · Cited by 5
Third-party forgiveness: social influences on intimate dyads
Green, J. D., Davis, J. L., & Reid, C. A. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139333610.011 · Cited by 5
Forgiving Significant Interpersonal Offenses: The Role of Victim/Offender Racial Similarity
Cornick, C., Schultz, J. M., Tallman, B. A., et al. (2011) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2011.29141 · Cited by 5
“Forgiveness Interpersonal forgiveness was measured by the Transgression-related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory—18 (TRIM-18; McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough, Root, & Cohen, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1586-1603
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4296289882
- Cited by
- 1,435
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 18.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- interpersonal forgiveness, close relationships, interpersonal conflict
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