Cited by 1,435Forgiveness and Related BehaviorsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement

McCullough, Michael E., Rachal, K. Chris, Sandage, Steven J., Worthington, Everett L., Brown, Susan Wade, Hight, Terry L.·1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586

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Fit to Forgive: Effect of Mode of Exercise on Capacity to Override Grudges and Forgiveness
Struthers, C. W., van Monsjou, E., Ayoub, M., & Guilfoyle, J. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00538 · Cited by 13
“Other formal scales of forgiveness (e.g., the forgiveness scale, Eaton and Struthers, 2006; TRIM, McCullough et al., 1998) tend to assess the extent to which participants would forgive or have forgiven rather than the broader range of stages.”
Background
Et tu, Brute? How unfair!
Tripathi, S. (2017) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.07.004 · Cited by 11
Behind closed doors: university employees as stakeholders in campus sexual violence
Rosenthal, M. N., Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Conflict and Peace Research · doi:10.1108/jacpr-02-2017-0272 · Cited by 12
PENGARUH RASA SYUKUR DAN MEMAAFKAN TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS PADA REMAJA
Rahayu, I. I., & Setiawati, F. A. (2019) · Jurnal Ecopsy · doi:10.20527/ecopsy.v6i1.5700 · Cited by 12
Turning Restriction Into Change: Imagine-Self Perspective Taking Fosters Advocacy of a Mandatory Proenvironmental Initiative
Uhl-Haedicke, I., Klackl, J., Mühlberger, C., & Jonas, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02657 · Cited by 12
Apology in Restorative and Juvenile Justice
Allan, A., Beesley, S. M., Attwood, B., & McKillop, D. (2013) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2013.803274 · Cited by 12
“They have further found that apologies reduce victims’ anger (Gold & Weiner, 2000) and may assist them in developing empathy towards wrongdoers (McCullough et al., 1998), which in turn may encourage them to refrain from retaliatory behaviour and to be moderate in their demands for punishment of the apologizer (Gold &…”
Background
Predicting Intrapersonal Communication Satisfaction on the Basis of Imagined Interactions in the Pacific Rim
Honeycutt, J. M., & McCann, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Intercultural Communication Research · doi:10.1080/17475750802077362 · Cited by 12
“Forgiveness occurs when people do not want to avoid the offender and see harm coming to the offending partner (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Assessment of dispositional forgiveness in adolescence: a contribution to the Italian validation of the Forgiveness Likelihood Scale
Cabras, C., Loi, G., & Sechi, C. (2017) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2017.1376628 · Cited by 12
“During the last 30 years, the body of research on forgiveness has grown (Freedman & Enright, 1996; Girard & Mullet, 1997; McCullough, Pargament, & Thoresen, 2000; McCullough et al., 1998), and several self-report instruments have been created to assess”
Background
Rachegefühle und posttraumatische Belastungsreaktionen bei Opfern von Gewalttaten
Orth, U., Maercker, A. R. A., & Montada, L. (2003) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/0084-5345.32.3.169 · Cited by 11
You(r Behaviors) Are Racist: Responses to Prejudice Confrontations Depend on Confrontation Focus
Wessel, J. L., Lemay, E. P., & Barth, S. E. (2022) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-022-09811-5 · Cited by 12
Are Religious Practices Indirectly Related to Stress at Work Through the Tendency to Forgive? A Sample of Polish Employees
Wnuk, M. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01710-6 · Cited by 16
“The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale (TRIM) is used to measure motivation to forgive (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Let's talk about this: Co‐rumination and dyadic dynamics of moral repair following wrongdoing
Wenzel, M., Rossi, C., Thai, M., Woodyatt, L., Okimoto, T. G., & Worthington, E. L. (2022) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2927 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Is cuteness innocent? Public forgiveness to Theme Park mascots
Su, L., Hou, S., Ye, Z., Lu, C., & Zhai, X. (2024) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2024.101287 · Cited by 11
We Feel, We Understand: Examining the Moderating Effects of Publics' Empathy on Crisis Outcomes Across Crisis Types and Response Strategies
Ndone, J. (2025) · Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management · doi:10.1111/1468-5973.70029 · Cited by 14
When Slights Beget Slights
Cortes, K., & Wilson, A. E. (2016) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167216670606 · Cited by 11
“Some past research has examined how repetitive, intrusive thoughts about a particular harm can impair forgiveness (e.g., McCullough et al., 1998), but has not examined how the context of a new conflict may elicit memories of past harms.”
Background
Did I Offend You or Did It? Agency Assignment in Interpersonal Apology
Wang, Y., & McGlone, M. S. (2019) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2019.1576471 · Cited by 11
“…blameworthiness and punishment severity (Darby & Schlenker, 1989; Robbennolt, 2003; Zechmeister, Garcia, Romero, & Vas, 2004), gain empathy and forgiveness (Barkat, 2002; McCullough et al., 1998; Zechmeister et al., 2004), and/or restore the reputation of the transgressor (Benoit & Drew, 1997).”
Background
Predictors of forgiveness among divorced parents.
Kluwer, E. S., van der Wal, R. C., Visser, M. M., & Finkenauer, C. (2020) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000799 · Cited by 11
Facilitation of Forgiveness
Mullen, L. M., Bistany, B., Kim, J. J., Joseph, R. A., Akers, S. W., Harvey, J. R., & Houghton, A. W. (2022) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000559 · Cited by 11
Explaining consumer–brand forgiveness through the lens of narcissism
Siamagka, N. (2023) · Marketing Intelligence & Planning · doi:10.1108/mip-03-2022-0110 · Cited by 14
The role of forgivingness and anger in unfair events
Chan, M. E., & Arvey, R. D. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.021 · Cited by 11
“…(ii) reduction in motivation to deliberately avoid the offender, (iii) increase in likelihood that one will have goodwill and be conciliatory towards the offender, and (iv) reduction in negative emotions against the offender (McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Emotion-specific performance across empathy tasks in schizophrenia: Influence of metacognitive capacity
Bonfils, K. A., Haas, G. L., & Salyers, M. P. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2019.100139 · Cited by 12
Empathy and Forgiveness Among Mozambican Wives
Cruz, G. V., & Mullet, É. (2019) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1037/ipp0000110 · Cited by 11
Does resilience help sustain relationships in the face of interpersonal transgressions?
Halilova, J. G., Struthers, C. W., Guilfoyle, J. R., Shoikhedbrod, A., van Monsjou, E., & George, M. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109928 · Cited by 11
Measuring forgiveness: psychometric properties of a new culturally sensitive questionnaire: the Bolton Forgiveness Scale (BFS)
Amanze, R. U., & Carson, J. F. (2019) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2020.1716211 · Cited by 11
Different Routes, Same Effects
Allemand, M., & Flückiger, C. (2020) · GeroPsych · doi:10.1024/1662-9647/a000237 · Cited by 11
Gratitude and Forgiveness as Predictors of Subjective Well-Being Among Young Adults in Pakistan
Hermaen, H., & Bhutto, Z. H. (2020) · Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.33824/pjpr.2020.35.4.39 · Cited by 11
“Thus, people who forgive their transgressors are more likely to restore positive relations with them; in comparison, people who cannot forgive those who hurt them probably exhaust their relationships at a much quicker rate (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Hubungan Antara Kepercayaan dan Keterbukaan Diri Terhadap Orangtua Dengan Perilaku Memaafkan Pada Remaja yang Mengalami Keluarga Broken Home di SMKN 3 & SMKN 5 Samarinda
Rahmawati, P. A. (2014) · Psikoborneo Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.30872/psikoborneo.v2i3.3654 · Cited by 11
Exploring Revenge as a Feature of Family Life
Yoshimura, S. M., & Boon, S. D. (2014) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12041 · Cited by 11
Willingness to Forgive the Spouse: A Qualitative Study
Sandilya, G., & Shahnawaz, M. G. (2014) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-014-0277-3 · Cited by 11
“McCullough et al. (1998) noted that forgiving occurs more frequently in the context of satisfactory, committed, close relationships and is associated with restored relational closeness following an interpersonal transgression.”
Background
Absolute versus Relative Values: Effects on Family Practitioners and Psychiatrists
Neumann, J. K., & Olive, K. E. (2003) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/01.smj.0000054607.44960.49 · Cited by 11
“The Avoidance and Revenge subscales each have six items.(9) The Ketterer Stress Symptom Frequency Checklist has been used in previous survey research(10) and provides scale scores reflecting depression, anxiety/worry, and aggravation/anger.”
Method
Revenge or forgiveness? The dual-path mechanism of employee coping with experienced incivility from an attribution perspective
Zhan, X., Zhao, X., Guo, Y., Li, Z., & Qin, X. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-023-09916-2 · Cited by 16
“Conversely, the forgiveness motivation may translate into helping behavior toward third parties (Burton et al., 2014; McCullough et al., 1998).”
The effects of awe on interpersonal forgiveness: the mediating role of small-self
Liao, S., Liu, Y., & Yuan, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336068 · Cited by 10
Self-determination theory and customer revenge behavior: explaining how customers regulate their anger and revenge behavior
Shahrasbi, N., Rohani, M., Purmehdi, M., & Ghatari, A. R. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-07-2018-2747 · Cited by 11
Implicit-explicit power motives congruence and forgiveness in the workplace conflict: the mediating role of empathy
Ran, Y., Liu, Q., Cheng, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-06-2020-0116 · Cited by 10
Reciprocal associations between commitment, forgiveness, and different aspects of marital well‐being among Chinese newlywed couples
Li, Q., Guo, J., Chen, Z., Ju, X., Lan, J., & Fang, X. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12909 · Cited by 10
Associations between obsessive–compulsive symptoms, revenge, and the perception of interpersonal transgressions
Fatfouta, R., & Merkl, A. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.05.038 · Cited by 11
“In Study 3, participants completed the 12-item TransgressionRelated Interpersonal Motivations inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
Die Entwicklungsbedingungen der Adaptivität
Meyer, T., & Greve, W. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0943-8149/a000059 · Cited by 10
The Effect of Mindfulness and Implementation Planning on the Process of Granting and Seeking Forgiveness Among Young Adults
Jeter, W. K., & Brannon, L. A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0706-1 · Cited by 10
A Behavioral Analysis of Apologies, Forgiveness, and Interpersonal Conflict
Toney, D. E., & Hayes, L. J. (2017) · Behavior and Social Issues · doi:10.5210/bsi.v26i0.7425 · Cited by 10
The role of abusive supervision in predicting teachers’ withdrawal and revenge responses / El papel de la supervisión abusiva en la predicción de las respuestas de venganza y abandono de los docentes
Demirkasımoğlu, N. (2018) · Culture and Education · doi:10.1080/11356405.2018.1519904 · Cited by 10
Parasocial forgiveness: The roles of parasocial closeness and offense perceptions
Osterman, L. L., & Hecmanczuk, T. (2019) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519879511 · Cited by 10
“Additionally, while apologies have been found in general to facilitate forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1998; Zechmeister, Garcia, Romero, & Vas, 2004), apologies delivered by partners in satisfying relationships are perceived as more sincere than those in less satisfying relationships (Schumann,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Socio-Ecological Hypothesis of Reconciliation: Cultural, Individual, and Situational Variations in Willingness to Accept Apology or Compensation
Komiya, A., Ozono, H., Watabe, M., Miyamoto, Y., Ohtsubo, Y., & Oishi, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01761 · Cited by 10
“…compensation, and forgiveness) in the maintenance of relationships, it has been actively investigated in social psychology (Ohbuchi et al., 1989; McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough, 2008; Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2020 | Volume 11 | Article 1761 Fehr et al., 2010) in…”
Background
The role of spiritual intelligence and dispositional forgiveness in predicting episodic forgiveness
Mróz, J., Kaleta, K., & Skrzypińska, K. (2020) · Journal of Beliefs and Values · doi:10.1080/13617672.2020.1851555 · Cited by 10
“Since they are dispositional variables, spiritual intelligence and forgivingness can be classified as distal determinants of episodic forgiveness (McCullough et al. 1998; Riek and Mania 2012).”
Background
An Investigation of Students’ Forgiveness, Instructional Dissent, and Learning in the College Classroom
Vallade, J. I., Martin, M. M., & Vela, L. E. (2015) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2015.1068368 · Cited by 10
“Transgressions perceived as severe often result in increased levels of ongoing negative affect (Merolla, 2008), which in turn positively predicts acts of aggression against a transgressor (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
How forgiveness affects processing time: Mediation by rumination about the transgression
Fatfouta, R. (2015) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.016 · Cited by 10
“State forgiveness was assessed with the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998, 2006).”
Method
Examining Mediator Role of the Social Safeness on the Relationship Between Vengeance and Life Satisfaction
Akın, Ü., & Ahmet Cumhur, A. K. I. N. (2015) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-015-0871-3 · Cited by 10
Face needs, intragroup status, and women's reactions to socially aggressive face threats
Willer, E. K., & Soliz, J. E. (2010) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01297.x · Cited by 10
Impact of Personality on Vengeance and Forgiveness in Young Adults
Bajwa, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2015.02.00088 · Cited by 10
“In many studies, forgiveness unlike vengeance has been linked with positive emotions such as trust, love, kindness, sympathy, selflessness, as openness trait categorized attributes adventurous interests, imaginative, insightful, tender-mindedness and sympathy, forgiveness and openness showed positive association with…”
Background
The conceptualisation of forgiveness among Turkish children and adolescents
Taysi, E., & Orçan, F. (2015) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12237 · Cited by 10
“For example, many of the definitions of forgiveness have mentioned that forgiveness involves a reduction in the motivation to avoid the offender and seeking revenge (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Moral Foundations of Forgiving in the Workplace
Paul, G. D., & Putnam, L. L. (2016) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2016.1229499 · Cited by 10
“Three justice-related behavioral coping practices are sustained avoidance, revenge, and forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1998; Tripp et al., 2007).”
Background
Brain Structural Bases of Tendency to Forgive: evidence from a young adults sample using voxel-based morphometry
Li, H., Chen, Q., Lu, J., & Qiu, J. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-16868-3 · Cited by 10
Who Cares? Generativity and the Moral Emotions, Part 2: A “Social Intuitionist Model” of Moral Motivation
Leffel, G. M. (2008) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164710803600303 · Cited by 10
Kişilerarası İlişkilerde Affetme Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Özgür Salih, K. A. Y. A. (2019) · İlköğretim Online · doi:10.17051/ilkonline.2019.611538 · Cited by 10
Rumination and Forgiveness in Emerging Adults: Mediating Role of Mindfulness and Humility
Uzun, K., & Arslan, G. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241256641 · Cited by 11
“Dysfunctional thought patterns that sustain the existing discomfort over intrusive thoughts about injurious behavior or attitude can revive the motivation to avoid the perpetrator and seek revenge (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Influence of Ego Depletion on Individual Forgiveness in Different Interpersonal Offense Situations
Zhou, Y., Zhao, L., Yang, Y., & Liu, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631466 · Cited by 9
Brain structures associated with individual differences in decisional and emotional forgiveness
Rao, X., Wang, W., Luo, S., Qiu, J., & Li, H. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108223 · Cited by 9
Interpersonal mindfulness and forgiveness: Examining the mediating roles of anger rumination and state anger
Yang, T., Chen, G., & Bi, C. (2022) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22031 · Cited by 10
The role of customer forgiveness and perceived justice in restoring relationships with customers
Honora, A., Wang, K., & Chih, W. (2024) · Service Business · doi:10.1007/s11628-024-00563-1 · Cited by 10
“Seven measurement items from McCullough et al. (1998) were adapted for measuring avoidance, while the three measurement items for perceived justice were adapted from De Matos et al. (2012).”
Influential
Rationalizers or realists? The effects of transgressors’ just world beliefs within committed relationships
Strelan, P., & van Prooijen, J. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.01.046 · Cited by 9
“, 1997); forgiving (McCullough et al., 1998) or accommodating (Yovetich & Rusbult, 1994) when a partner acts contrary to relationship-relevant norms and expectations.”
Background
Is beauty a gift or a curse? The influence of an offender's physical attractiveness on forgiveness
Phillips, A., & HRANEK, C. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01370.x · Cited by 9
Revisión psicométrica de tres escalas del perdón: midiendo la metamorfosis emocional
Rosales-Sarabia, R. M., Aragón, S. R., & Méndez, M. G. (2017) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.1016/j.aipprr.2017.02.005 · Cited by 9
“…a Transgresiones Interpersonales (Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory), en su versión de 12 reactivos (TRIM-12), originalmente diseñado y validado por McCullough et al. (1998), traducido y validado en Chile por Guzmán (2010b) y validado en México por López-Álvarez (2012).”
Background
An investigation into audiences’ reactions to transgressions by liked and disliked media figures.
Hu, M., Young, J., Liang, J., & Guo, Y. (2017) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000146 · Cited by 9
What makes displaced revenge taste sweet: Retributing displaced responsibility or sending a message to the original perpetrator?
Sjöström, A., Magraw‐Mickelson, Z., & Gollwitzer, M. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2345 · Cited by 9
Measuring Spousal Forgiveness: German Version of the Marital Offence‐Specific Forgiveness Scale (MOFS‐German)
Haversath, J., Kliem, S., & Kröger, C. B. (2017) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12290 · Cited by 10
The influence of apology on audiences’ reactions toward a media figure’s transgression.
Hu, M., Cotton, G., Zhang, B., & Jia, N. (2018) · Psychology of Popular Media Culture · doi:10.1037/ppm0000195 · Cited by 9
Perceptions of forgiveness in response to systemic injustice among Iranian refugees.
Alim, M., Due, C., & Strelan, P. (2018) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000355 · Cited by 9
Forgive and Forget?: Examining the Influence of Blame and Intentionality on Forgiveness Following Hypothetical Same-Sex Infidelity in the Context of Heterosexual Romantic Relationships
Denes, A., Dillow, M. R., DelGreco, M., Lannutti, P. J., & Bevan, J. L. (2019) · Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2019.1612831 · Cited by 6
“Revenge is similarly negatively motivated, resulting from feelings of “righteous indignation” toward the transgressor that result in the offended person’s desire to harm the wrongdoer in return (McCullough et al., 1998, p. 1587).”
BackgroundInfluential
When the Underdog Positioning Backfires! The Effects of Ethical Transgressions on Attitudes Toward Underdog Brands
Kim, Y., & Park, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01988 · Cited by 9
The Buffering Effects of Subordinates’ Forgiveness and Communication Openness on Abusive Supervision and Voice Behavior
Liu, C., Sun, S., & Dube, F. N. M. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211041081 · Cited by 14
“It retains individuals’ enthusiasm and trust and releases negative emotions and sets aside prejudices toward others within the organization (Karremans et al., 2003; McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Approach with initiative or hold on passively? The impact of customer-perceived dependence on customer forgiveness in service failure
Chen, X., Guo, S., Xiong, J., & Hao, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.914024 · Cited by 9
Strengthened to forgive workplace transgressions: priming new money increases interpersonal forgiveness
Mok, A., & Cremer, D. D. (2015) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12310 · Cited by 9
A study of posttraumatic spiritual transformation and forgiveness among victims of significant interpersonal offences
Schultz, J. M., ALTMAIER, E. M., Ali, S. R., & Tallman, B. A. (2013) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2012.755616 · Cited by 13
“The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory – 18 is a measure of interpersonal forgiveness (TRIM-18; McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough, Root, & Cohen, 2006).”
Background
Revenge can be more fully understood by making distinctions between anger and hatred
Sell, A. N. (2012) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1200060x · Cited by 10
Forgiveness and Revenge: Empirical Study of Malaysian Business Employees
Ismail, M. N., Mohideen, M. T. O. K., & Togok, S. H. (2009) · Contemporary Management Research · doi:10.7903/cmr.590 · Cited by 9
The relationship between interpersonal trauma exposure, experiential avoidance, forgiveness and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in North Korean refugee
박철옥, & AhnHyunnie (2009) · Korea Journal of Counseling · doi:10.15703/kjc.10.4.200912.1891 · Cited by 9
Victim and Observer Asymmetries in Their Reactions to an Apology: How Responsibility Attribution and Emotional Empathy Lead to Forgiveness
Hashimoto, T., & Karasawa, K. (2011) · THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.2130/jjesp.51.104 · Cited by 9
“…& Schlenker, 1982; Weiner, Graham, Peter, & Zmuidinas, 1991; Worthington & Scherer, 2004), episode recall studies (e.g., McCullough et al., 1997; McCullough et al., 1998), and laboratory experiments (e.g., Ohbuchi, Kameda, & Agarie, 1989; Struthers, Eaton, Santelli, Uchiyama, & Shirvani, 2008;…”
MethodInfluential
The effects of social power and apology on victims’ posttransgression responses.
Struthers, C. W., Khoury, C., Phills, C. E., van Monsjou, E., Guilfoyle, J. R., Nash, K. A., Golenitski, V., & Summers, C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000188 · Cited by 11
Alcohol and Other Drug Problems Among Homeless Veterans: A Life-Course Theory of Forgiveness
Benda, B., & McCuen, R. H. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203821572-12 · Cited by 9
Compassionate reappraisal and rumination impact forgiveness, emotion, sleep, and prosocial accountability
Witvliet, C. V., Blank, S., & Gall, A. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992768 · Cited by 8
“Compared to compassionate reappraisal, we also hypothesized that rumination would prompt higher scores on the intrusive impact of events and rumination scales because repetitive thoughts may continue including during sleep (Horowitz et al., 1979; McCullough et al., 1998), as well as lower self-regulation, accountabili…”
Background
The unkindest cut of all: A quantitative study of betrayal narratives
Lalot, F. (2023) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2738 · Cited by 8
Relationship Quality as Mediator of Forgiveness and Psychological Well-being among Transgressors in Romantic Relationships
Wazid, S. W., & Shahnawaz, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-017-0406-x · Cited by 8
Hostile emotions and close relationships: Anger can be related to constructive responses
Karppinen, H., King, O., & Russell, P. S. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112258 · Cited by 9
Self-forgiveness and human flourishing: understanding the mediating role of self-esteem
Tiwari, G. K., Pandey, R., Parihar, P., & Rai, P. K. (2023) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2023.2238642 · Cited by 18
The dark triad and forgiveness: The mediating role of anger rumination
Nedeljković, B., Dinić, B. M., & Tucaković, L. (2023) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2023.112362 · Cited by 8
Negative internal causal attributions of a specific offense and forgiveness
Hook, J. N., Ramos, M. J., Worthington, E. L., Utsey, S. O., Coy, A. E., Davis, D. E., Tongeren, D. R. V., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., & Dueck, A. (2015) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12089 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Comparison of Forgiveness in Clinical Depressed, Non-Clinical Depressed and Normal People
Fayyaz, F., & Beshārat, M. A. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.018 · Cited by 8
People feel worse about their forgiveness when mismatches between forgiveness and amends create adaptation risks
Luchies, L. B., Finkel, E. J., Coy, A. E., Reid, C. A., Tongeren, D. R. V., Davis, J. L., & Green, J. D. (2017) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407517740983 · Cited by 8
“Forgiveness may also entail increases in positive motivations toward the perpetrator, such as having goodwill for the perpetrator or restoring the relationship with the perpetrator (see McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Influence of Peers’ Types of Trust on Trust Repair: The Role of Apologies
Öztürk, E. B., & Noorderhaven, N. (2018) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-018-0445-y · Cited by 9
“If constructive behaviors take place following an apology and increased empathy is instilled, trust in another person can be repaired (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Apology and Restitution in a Role-play Restorative Justice Experiment: Multiple Perspectives, Multiple Measures
Kiefer, R. P., Worthington, E. L., Wenzel, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/0091647120911114 · Cited by 8
“Unforgiveness motivations—the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al.,1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The predictive role of forgiveness and the level of repetitive thinking on mental health and marital adjustment in married individuals
Gumus, I. G. (2020) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2019.00033 · Cited by 8
“In addition, this model emphasizes rumination as one of the factors directly affecting the forgiveness process in interpersonal relations (18).”
BackgroundInfluential
Genç Yetişkinlerde Akılcı Olmayan İnanç İle Öz- Anlayış Arasındaki İlişkide Affetmenin Aracı Rolü
KILIÇ, D., & TUNÇ, E. (2020) · Opus uluslararası toplum araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.26466/opus.735586 · Cited by 8
Appraisal self-respect: Scale validation and construct implications
Clucas, C., Corr, P. J., Wilkinson, H., & Schepman, A. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03093-z · Cited by 8
“(2010) (secondary to the investigation, the study also manipulated amends made in the scenario, see Online Resource Appendix J for the scenario verbatim and fuller details of the method) and then indicate their level of forgiveness towards the friend who hurt them by completing the 12-item 5-point Likert Transgression…”
Public complaining: A blessing in disguise? Educational calling as a benevolent process that gives consumers voice on brands’ social media
Siret, I., & Sabadie, W. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.084 · Cited by 13
You’ve Over the Line! Muslim Consumers are Resistant to Opposite Brand Values
Faza, F. T., Timur, Y. P., Mutmainah, L., & Rusgianto, S. (2022) · Shirkah Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.22515/shirkah.v7i3.529 · Cited by 8
Low-Cost Interventions for Promoting Forgiveness
Root, L. M., & McCullough, M. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-36899-x_21 · Cited by 8
“Although these motivational reactions to transgressions may be present in the human behavioral repertoire because they are (or were) functional (Bushman, Baumeister, & Phillips, 2001; Lerner, Gonzalez, Small, & Fischoff, 2003; McCullough, Bellah, Kilpatrick, & Johnson, 2001), they can have insidious societal and relat…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Sometimes it's easier to forgive my transgressor than your transgressor: effects of subjective temporal distance on forgiveness for harm to self or close other
Cheung, I. K. M., & Olson, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00997.x · Cited by 8
Relational Spirituality and Forgiveness of Offenses Committed by Religious Leaders
Choe, E. J. Y., Davis, D. E., McElroy, S. E., Westbrook, C. J., van Nuenen, M., Tongeren, D. R. V., & Hook, J. N. (2015) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2014.992752 · Cited by 8
“Unforgiving motivations toward the religious/spiritual leader were assessed with the 12-item Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
The Relation Between People's Connection With a Target and the Perceived Importance of Justice
Hafer, C. L., Conway, P. J., Cheung, I. K. M., Malyk, D., & Olson, J. M. (2012) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.711693 · Cited by 8
“…between one’s sense of self and a target has been shown to be related to interpersonal and intergroup similarity (e.g., Aron et al., 1992; Faseur & Geuens, 2010), empathy (e.g., McCullough et al., 1998; Schultz, 2001), and the quality or strength of emotional attachment (e.g., Aron et al., 1992).”
Background
Negative Interpersonal Interactions and Dating Abuse Perpetration: The Mediating Role of Dispositional Forgivingness
Garthe, R. C., Griffin, B. J., Worthington, E. L., Goncy, E. A., Sullivan, T. N., Coleman, J. A., Davis, D. E., Kwakye-Nuako, C. O., Mokushane, T., Makola, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517714438 · Cited by 8
“, 2015), and forgivingness has been shown to characterize high-quality bonds in both romantic (Fincham et al., 2004; McCullough et al., 1998) and familial (Maio et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
An Explanation of Apology Acceptance Based on Lay Peoples’ Insights
Strickland, J., Martin, K. K., Allan, A., et al. (2018) · Interpersona An International Journal on Personal Relationships · doi:10.5964/ijpr.v12i1.286 · Cited by 8
“Researchers are therefore interested in understanding the psychological mechanisms that might explain how apologies promote forgiveness so they can find ways of maximising the process (Kirchhoff, Wagner, & Strack, 2012; McCullough et al., 1998; Zechmeister, Garcia, Romero, & Vas, 2004).”
Background

Authors: McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L.
ORCID: McCullough, Michael E.
Sandage, Steven J.
Worthington, Everett L.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998
Volume: 75
Issue: 6
Pages: 1586-1603
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
OpenAlex: W4296289882
Cited by: 1,435
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 18.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: interpersonal forgiveness, close relationships, interpersonal conflict

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Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement

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