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Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement
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“Other studies suggest that trait vengefulness (or the tendency to be unforgiving) is associated with an increase in maladaptive, avoidance-based relationship behaviors (McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997).”
From Gratitude and forgiveness: convergence and divergence on self-report and informant ratings. (2010) · cites this paper as McCullough et al., 1998
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Huang, X., Li, W., Sun, B., Chen, H., & Davis, M. H. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911410588 · Cited by 43
“In the current study, the internal consistency coefficient of the C-TRIMS is .83.”
BackgroundInfluentialEMPATHY, SELF-AFFIRMATION, AND FORGIVENESS: THE MODERATING ROLES OF GENDER AND ENTITLEMENT
Exline, J. J., & Zell, A. L. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.9.1071 · Cited by 43
“They may also distance themselves emotionally by seeking revenge or cutting off contact with offenders (McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough & Hoyt, 2002).”
BackgroundStrelan, P., Weick, M., & Vasiljevic, M. (2013) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12044 · Cited by 43
“Our studies employed the TRIM inventory (McCullough et al., 1998) as a measure of revenge, which in its original formulation does not allow for such a distinction.”
BackgroundResultI’m merciful, am I not? Facets of narcissism and forgiveness revisited
Fatfouta, R., Zeigler‐Hill, V., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2017) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2017.07.007 · Cited by 47
Chi, P., Tang, Y., Worthington, E. L., Chan, C., Lam, D. O. B., & Lin, X. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22825 · Cited by 42
Self-citationHoneycutt, J. M., & Ford, S. G. (2001) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2001.11679007 · Cited by 44
“Empathy, apology, and rumination are associated with forgiving (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSex differences in forgiveness and mental health in recently married couples
Miller, A. J., & Worthington, E. L. (2010) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760903271140 · Cited by 43
“The process of forgiveness can facilitate empathy for the spouse (McCullough et al., 1998) and de-emphasize negative attributions about the person thereby creating more benevolent attributions (McCullough, 2001).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationWebb, J. R., Hirsch, J. K., & Toussaint, L. L. (2011) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1080/07347324.2011.585922 · Cited by 42
“TRIM D Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (forgiveness of others; McCullough et al., 1998); BSI D Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983). aTreatment entry and 6-month follow-up. bCross-sectional data only. cPretest, posttest, and 4-month follow-up.”
BackgroundInterpersonal Forgiveness and Psychological Well-being in Late Childhood
van der Wal, Karremans, J. C., & Cillessen (2015) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.62.1.0001 · Cited by 46
Daily religious involvement, spirituality, and moral emotions.
Hardy, S. A., Zhang, Z. J., Skalski, J. E., Melling, B. S., & Brinton, C. T. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0037293 · Cited by 47
Mason, T. B., Maduro, R. S., Derlega, V. J., Hacker, D. S., Winstead, B. A., & Haywood, J. E. (2016) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000099 · Cited by 43
Chester, D. S., & DeWall, C. N. (2017) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21746 · Cited by 41
Weitzl, W., & Hutzinger, C. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.02.029 · Cited by 53
Vertical individualism and injustice: The self‐restorative function of revenge
Zdaniuk, A., & Bobocel, D. R. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1874 · Cited by 46
“The first was participants’ perceptions of offense severity, given evidence demonstrating a positive relation between offense severity and revenge (e.g., McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodAdolescents' Willingness to Forgive Their Parents: An Empirical Model
Paleari, F. G., Regalia, C., & Fincham, F. D. (2003) · Parenting · doi:10.1207/s15327922par0302_03 · Cited by 42
Self-Reflection at Work: Why It Matters and How to Harness Its Potential and Avoid Its Pitfalls
Kross, E. F., Ong, M., & Ayduk, Ö. N. (2023) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031921-024406 · Cited by 57
“When an employee is a victim of a transgression, rumination on that transgression is associated with anger toward the transgressor, aggression, and thoughts about revenge (McCullough et al. 1998).”
BackgroundThe Problem with Self-Forgiveness: Forgiving the Self Deters Readiness to Change Among Gamblers
Squires, E. C., Sztainert, T., Gillen, N. R., Caouette, J., & Wohl, M. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-011-9272-y · Cited by 42
“Forgiveness of others motivates action that helps restore interpersonal relationships (e.g., Fincham and Beach 2002; McCullough et al. 1997, 1998, 2000; Zechmeister and Romero 2002), forgiveness of groups motivates the desire to improve intergroup relations following conflict (Cairns et al. 2005;…”
BackgroundRethinking time: Implications for well‐being
Mogilner, C., Ersner-Hershfield, H., & Aaker, J. L. (2017) · Consumer Psychology Review · doi:10.1002/arcp.1003 · Cited by 41
“Even in nonromantic settings, heightened selfother overlap showed beneficial outcomes— more complex understanding of new college roommates (Waugh & Fredrickson, 2006), greater forgiveness of transgressions (Bono, McCullough, & Root, 2008; McCullough et al., 1998), increased willingness to help others in need (Cialdini…”
BackgroundTrustworthiness Change and Relationship Continuity after Contract Breach in Financial Supply Chains
Ta, H., Esper, T. L., Ford, K., & García-Dastugue, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Supply Chain Management · doi:10.1111/jscm.12180 · Cited by 41
Forgiveness in leader–member exchange relationships: Mediating and moderating mechanisms
Radulovic, A. B., Thomas, G., Epitropaki, O., & Legood, A. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12274 · Cited by 41
Gerlach, T. M., Allemand, M., Agroskin, D., & Denissen, J. J. A. (2012) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00762.x · Cited by 41
“Finally, participants filled out a measure of Transgression-Related Interpersonal Dispositions (TRID; Hoyt, Fincham, McCullough, Maio, & Davila, 2005), which is based on the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodDeveloping a Measure of Individual Differences in Organizational Revenge
Sommers, J. A., Schell, T. L., & Vodanovich, S. J. (2002) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1019633531675 · Cited by 40
“Procedure. Each participant was provided with a packet that contained an informed consent sheet, the ORS, a short demographic sheet (e.g., race, age, gender), the VS (Stuckless & Goranson, 1992), the IJS (Mathes & Severa, 1981) and the TRIM ( McCullough et al., 1998 ).”
MethodVirtue Ethics in Positive Organizational Scholarship: An Integrative Perspective
Bright, D. S., Stansbury, J. M., Alzola, M., & Stavros, J. M. (2011) · Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences / Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l Administration · doi:10.1002/cjas.199 · Cited by 42
Neural Correlates of Receiving an Apology and Active Forgiveness: An fMRI Study
Strang, S., Utikal, V., Fischbacher, U., Weber, B., & Falk, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087654 · Cited by 39
“Psychological literature suggests a link between apologies, empathy and forgiveness [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialWho Should Apologize When an Employee Transgresses? Source Effects on Apology Effectiveness
Hill, K. M., & Boyd, D. P. (2014) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2205-9 · Cited by 44
Grobbink, L. H., Derksen, J. J. L., & Marle, H. J. C. V. (2014) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x13519963 · Cited by 47
Relational spirituality and the development of the Similarity of the Offender’s Spirituality Scale.
Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., Tongeren, D. R. V., Green, J. D., & Jennings, D. J. (2009) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0017581 · Cited by 39
Self-citationEffects of partner forgiveness on romantic break-ups in dating relationships: A longitudinal study
Kato, T. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.050 · Cited by 40
“Researchers (e.g. McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; McCullough et al., 1998; Wieselquist, 2009) have highlighted the role of forgiveness in relationship maintenance, with some focusing on the function of forgiveness as an important strategy to address conflicts in romantic relationships.”
BackgroundFinsterwalder, J., Yee, T., & Tombs, A. G. (2017) · Journal of Marketing Management · doi:10.1080/0267257x.2017.1382553 · Cited by 41
Feeling Offended: A Blow to Our Image and Our Social Relationships
Poggi, I., & D’Errico, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02221 · Cited by 39
“…those who feel offended may feel inferior in terms of perceived control (Baumeister et al., 1994) and experience feelings of victimization or anger (McCullough et al., 1998), which results in a need to restore their sense of power, by also increasing power-seeking behavior (Foster and Rusbult,…”
BackgroundEpitropaki, O., Radulovic, A. B., Ete, Z., Thomas, G., & Martin, R. (2020) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.101376 · Cited by 42
Wang, K.-Y., Chih, W., Hsu, L., & Lin, W.-C. (2020) · Journal of service management · doi:10.1108/josm-09-2018-0299 · Cited by 40
Relational Spirituality and Dispositional Forgiveness: A Structural Equations Model
Sandage, S. J., & Williamson, I. (2010) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711003800403 · Cited by 40
Self-citationKanyangara, P., Rimé, B., Páez, D., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2014) · Journal of Social and Political Psychology · doi:10.5964/jspp.v2i1.299 · Cited by 40
“Feelings of Revenge The Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM) developed by McCullough et al. (1998) was adapted and translated in order to measure feelings of revenge.”
MethodWisco, B. E., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-045078-0.00010-1 · Cited by 44
Experiential Self‐Focus Writing as a Facilitator of Processing an Interpersonal Hurt
Liao, K. Y., Wei, M., Russell, D. W., & Abraham, W. T. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.21886 · Cited by 39
Ndone, J., & Park, J. (2021) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2021.102136 · Cited by 39
For whom do we forgive? A functional analysis of forgiveness
Strelan, P., McKee, I., Calic, D., Cook, L., & Shaw, L. (2012) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01400.x · Cited by 44
“person, is implicated as an important facilitator of forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNoor, M., Shnabel, N., Halabi, S., & Doosje, B. (2015) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430215586604 · Cited by 39
“Building on McCullough et al.'s (1998) theorizing, we suggest that a group can respond to its victimization by another through retaliation (e.g., militant actions), disengagement (e.g., building a separation wall), or forgiveness, namely, engagement in constructive efforts to restore the fractured…”
Moving on or digging deeper: Regulatory mode and interpersonal conflict resolution.
Webb, C. E., Coleman, P. T., Rossignac‐Milon, M., Tomasulo, S. J., & Higgins, E. T. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000131 · Cited by 40
Relational Identification and Forgiveness: Facilitating Relationship Resilience
Thompson, B., & Korsgaard, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9533-1 · Cited by 45
How brand personality and failure-type shape consumer forgiveness
Hassey, R. (2019) · Journal of Product & Brand Management · doi:10.1108/jpbm-09-2017-1563 · Cited by 42
Gender Differences in Forgiveness and its Affective Correlates
Kaleta, K., & Mróz, J. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01369-5 · Cited by 39
“It is usually defined as a process of reducing negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors toward a transgressor (Enright, 1996; McCullough et al., 1998; Rye & Pargament, 2002) which might be accompanied by evoking positive thoughts, feelings, and actions toward the harm-doer (Sells & Hargrave, 1998; Subkoviak et al.”
BackgroundA pathway to consumer forgiveness in the sharing economy: The role of relationship norms
Shuqair, S., Pinto, D. C., So, K. K. F., Rita, P., & Mattila, A. S. (2021) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103041 · Cited by 41
The role of idealized influence leadership in promoting workplace forgiveness
Zdaniuk, A., & Bobocel, D. R. (2015) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.06.008 · Cited by 41
In the wake of transgressions: Examining forgiveness communication in personal relationships
Merolla, A. J., & Zhang, S. (2010) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2010.01323.x · Cited by 39
Forgiveness and Interpersonal Relationships: A Nepalese Investigation
Watkins, D., Hui, E. K. P., Luo, W., Regmi, M. P., Worthington, E. L., Hook, J. N., & Davis, D. E. (2011) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224540903368541 · Cited by 39
“Avoidance and revenge motivations toward the offender were measured using the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
MethodSelf-citationComparison of Brief Group Interventions to Promote Forgiveness: A Pilot Outcome Study
Wade, N. G., & Meyer, J. E. (2009) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1521/ijgp.2009.59.2.199 · Cited by 44
“Leaders were focused on helping participants connect with each other, share their concerns, and understand the processes that were occurring in the group as they happened. measures Revenge Subscale of the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM).”
BackgroundInfluentialHook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Utsey, S. O., Davis, D. E., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., Tongeren, D. R. V., & Dueck, A. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.026 · Cited by 38
Self-citationUnforgiveness, depression, and health in later life: the protective factor of forgivingness
Ermer, A. E., & Proulx, C. M. (2015) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1060942 · Cited by 47
“Forgiveness generally can be defined as decreasing avoidance and revenge motivations towards a transgressor after a transgression has occurred (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialZheng, X., van Dijke, M., Leunissen, J. M., Giurge, L. M., & Cremer, D. D. (2016) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726715611236 · Cited by 38
“…and contrast it to a commonly used baseline condition in the apology literature – a noapology condition (i.e. an apology is absent) (see e.g. Frantz and Bennigson, 2005; McCullough et al., 1998; Ohbuchi et al., 1989; Struthers et al., 2008; Tomlinson et al., 2004; Van Dijke and De Cremer, 2011).”
Influentialda Silva, S. P., Witvliet, C. V., & Riek, B. M. (2016) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1187200 · Cited by 38
Barcaccia, B., Salvati, M., Pallini, S., Baiocco, R., Curcio, G., Mancini, F., & Vecchio, G. M. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01550-1 · Cited by 43
Gaining satisfaction: the role of brand equity orientation and failure type in service recovery
Ma, K., Zhong, X., & Hou, G. (2020) · European Journal of Marketing · doi:10.1108/ejm-06-2019-0542 · Cited by 39
Wenzel, M., & Okimoto, T. G. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1850 · Cited by 38
Concepts and Fields of Relational Justice
Casanovas, P., & Poblet, M. (2008) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85569-9_21 · Cited by 38
“There are relational models based in prototypes, narratives, interactions, flows and regression analysis [5] [20] [21].”
MethodLoey, N. E. E. V., van Son, M. J. M., van der Heijden, P. G. M., & Ellis, I. M. (2008) · Burns · doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.01.012 · Cited by 38
“This may induce empathy for the offender and facilitate forgiveness [27].”
BackgroundBowen, M., Freidank, J., Wannow, S., & Cavallone, M. (2017) · Journal of International Management · doi:10.1016/j.intman.2017.12.001 · Cited by 39
Dimensions Underlying Sixteen Models of Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Walker, D. F., & Gorsuch, R. L. (2004) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164710403200102 · Cited by 45
Interpersonal Forgiveness Among Lebanese: A Six-Community Study
Azar, F., & Mullet, É. (2001) · International Journal of Group Tensions · doi:10.1023/a:1005204408575 · Cited by 38
“Internal characteristics that have been studied include the restoration of empathy with the offender (McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; McCullough, Rachal, Sandage, Worthington, Wade Brown, & Hight, 1998 ) and the reframing of the situation that brought on the conflict (Wiener, 1993).”
BackgroundInvestigating apology response strategies in Australian English and Bahasa Indonesia
Adrefiza, & Jones, J. F. (2013) · Australian Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/aral.36.1.04jon · Cited by 37
Ysseldyk, R., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890802228178 · Cited by 37
“…was assessed in both an independent sample of women in abusive dating relationships (N ¼ 138) and in Study 2 using a measure of unforgiveness (TRIM; McCullough et al. 1998); however, forgiveness was, in all cases, negatively associated with emotion-focused coping, threat appraisals, and…”
MethodA Systems Perspective on Forgiveness in Organizations
Bies, R. J., Barclay, L. J., Tripp, T. M., & Aquino, K. F. (2015) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.1080/19416520.2016.1120956 · Cited by 106
What determines forgiveness in close relationships? The role of post‐transgression trust
Strelan, P., Karremans, J. C., & Krieg, J. (2016) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12173 · Cited by 37
Forbearance: Strategic Nonresponse to Competitive Attacks
Andrevski, G., & Miller, D. (2020) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2018.0248 · Cited by 37
The Other Side of Perspective Taking
Okimoto, T. G., & Wenzel, M. (2010) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550610393032 · Cited by 37
“Forgiveness is often conceptualized as the antithesis of retributive desires (McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; Worthington, 2006), and its measurement frequently includes items assessing reduced desires for revenge (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundOffender variables: Unique predictors of Benevolence, Avoidance, and Revenge?
Carmody, P. C., & Gordon, K. C. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.037 · Cited by 37
“A forgiveness outcome is characterized by victims’ increased warmth (Benevolence) and decreased Avoidance and Revenge toward offenders (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExploring religious involvement, forgiveness, trust, and cynicism
Macaskill, A. (2006) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13694670600616092 · Cited by 37
“Concurrent validity has been demonstrated with three other scales measuring forgiveness, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (McCullough et al., 1998), Enright Forgiveness Inventory (Subkoviak et al., 1995), and the IRRS (Hargreave & Sells, 1997) and other related constructs (Yamhure Thompson…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVictimhood: The most powerful force in morality and politics
Gray, K. J., & Kubin, E. (2024) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2024.03.004 · Cited by 46
Apologies in Close Relationships: A Review of Theory and Research
Lewis, J. T., Parra, G. R., & Cohen, R. (2015) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12060 · Cited by 32
Hubbard, A. S. E., Hendrickson, B., Szejda, K., & Sur, J. (2013) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2013.770160 · Cited by 36
“For instance, McCullough et al. (1998) found that apologies were related to increased feelings of empathy for individuals seeking forgiveness for hurtful events.”
BackgroundThe empowering effect of punishment on forgiveness
Strelan, P., Fiore, C. D., & van Prooijen, J. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2254 · Cited by 44
Witvliet, C. V., Luna, L. M. R., Worthington, E. L., & Tsang, J.-A. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00284 · Cited by 37
Self-citationSeawell, A. H., Toussaint, L. L., & Cheadle, A. C. D. (2013) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.856434 · Cited by 35
“This limitation notwithstanding, the unforgiveness measure assesses key features of unforgiveness, resentment and grudges (Mauger et al., 1992; McCullough et al., 1998), and items selected for health and positive psychological variables were carefully chosen by the original designers of the survey to ensure validity (…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialProlonged Grief, Posttraumatic Stress, Anger, and Revenge Phenomena Following Homicidal Loss
Boelen, P. A., van Denderen, M. Y., & de Keijser, J. (2015) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/1088767915580674 · Cited by 37
“Psychometric properties of the English (McCullough et al., 1998) and Dutch versions (Gerlsma et al., 2013) are adequate.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEffectiveness of a forgiveness program for Arab Israeli adolescents in Israel: An empirical trial.
Shechtman, Z., Wade, N. G., & Amal, K. (2009) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1080/10781910903221194 · Cited by 35
“@This inventory is a 12-item scale that measures the motivation to seek revenge against or to avoid a particular person or group.”
BackgroundForgiveness and the Need to Belong
Barnes, C. D., Carvallo, M., Brown, R. P., & Osterman, L. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167210378852 · Cited by 35
“Because anger, fear, and sadness are thought to be some of the affective substrates of forgiveness (McCullough et al., 1997; McCullough et al., 1998), we examined all three as potential mediators of the association between the need to belong and forgiveness, although the work of Burnette et al.”
BackgroundResultForgiveness Working: Forgiveness, Health, and Productivity in the Workplace
Toussaint, L. L., Worthington, E. L., Tongeren, D. R. V., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117116662312 · Cited by 35
Self-citationStrelan, P., van Prooijen, J., & Gollwitzer, M. (2019) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12357 · Cited by 43
Testing perceptions of organizational apologies after a data breach crisis
Bentley, J. M., & Ma, L. (2020) · Public Relations Review · doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101975 · Cited by 35
Baghi, I., & Antonetti, P. (2021) · Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management · doi:10.1002/csr.2122 · Cited by 39
He Didn't Want Me to Feel Sad : Children's Reactions to Disappointment and Apology
Smith, C. E., & Harris, P. L. (2011) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00606.x · Cited by 35
“The psychological literature on apology indicates that sincere apologies are usually effective in soothing the feelings of adults (e.g., Anderson, Linden, & Habra, 2006; McCullough et al., 1998; Ohbuchi et al., 1989; for an example of conflicting findings, see Struthers, Eaton, Santelli, Uchiyama, & Shirvani, 2008).”
BackgroundReducing Road Rage: An Application of the Dissonance‐Attribution Model of Interpersonal Forgiveness1
Takaku, S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00107.x · Cited by 35
Apology and Restitution: Offender Accountability Responses Influence Victim Empathy and Forgiveness
Witvliet, C. V., Wade, N. G., Worthington, E. L., Luna, L. M. R., Tongeren, D. R. V., Berry, J. W., & Tsang, J.-A. C. (2020) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/0091647120915181 · Cited by 35
“Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationMcConnell, J. R. (2015) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973533.2015.1016160 · Cited by 37
“…studies have found that successful and unsuccessful apologies resulted in various benevolent or retaliatory actions from victims, respectively (McCullough et al., 1997, 1998; Ohbuchi, Kameda, & Agarie, 1989; Skarlicki, Folger, & Gee, 2004; Takaku, 2001; Weiner et al., 1991; Worthington,…”
BackgroundEl perdón ante transgresiones en las relaciones interpersonales
Beltrán-Morillas, A. M., Valor‐Segura, I., & Expósito, F. (2015) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.1016/j.psi.2015.05.001 · Cited by 42
“A este tipo de emociones relacionadas con la empatía se las denomina “empatía emocional”, que a su vez, según la literatura, facilita el perdón (McCullough et al., 1997; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluentialOrganizational and Supervisory Apology Effectiveness
Bisel, R. S., & Messersmith, A. S. (2012) · Business Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1080569912461171 · Cited by 34
“It is a 12-item scale that measures intention to forgive as a lack of revenge and avoidance feelings toward an offending target (McCullough et al., 1998).”
InfluentialRelational Damage and Relationship Repair
Jones, T., Dacin, P. A., & Taylor, S. F. (2011) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670511412577 · Cited by 36
The effects of a prayer intervention on the process of forgiveness.
Vasiliauskas, S. L., & McMinn, M. R. (2012) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0029324 · Cited by 34
Zhang, Q., OETZEL, J. G., Ting‐Toomey, S., & Zhang, J. (2015) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/0093650215607959 · Cited by 34
Wilkowski, B. M., Crowe, S. E., & Ferguson, E. L. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.911146 · Cited by 34
“Nine items adapted from past research (Anderson & Murphy, 2003; McCullough et al., 1998; “I wanted to get even with my opponent”.) measured revenge motivation.”
MethodForgiveness as a Therapeutic Option
Murray, R. J. (2002) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10680702010003008 · Cited by 34
“McCullough et al. (1997) examined the determinants, structure, and consequences of forgiving from a social psy chology perspective, particularly the causal role of empathy in promoting forgiveness. They defined forgiving “as a moti vational transformation that inhibits an injured relationship partner from seeking reve…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialUnforgiving Motivations Following Infidelity: Should We Make Peace with Our Past?
Kluwer, E. S., & Karremans, J. C. (2009) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2009.28.10.1298 · Cited by 33
Service robot anthropomorphism on consumer usage intention: curvilinear and linear effect
Yang, M., Li, J., Feng, L., Chen, S.-C., & Tseng, M.-L. (2024) · Industrial Management & Data Systems · doi:10.1108/imds-08-2023-0538 · Cited by 33
Priming virtue: Forgiveness and justice elicit divergent moral judgments among religious individuals
Tongeren, D. R. V., Welch, R. D., Davis, D. E., Green, J. D., & Worthington, E. L. (2012) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.707228 · Cited by 37
“As empathy is a key feature in granting forgiveness (McCullough, Worthington, & Rachal, 1997; McCullough et al., 1998) and priming forgiveness leads to subsequent prosocial cognition and behavior (Karremans, Van Lange, & Holland, 2005), it stands to reason that making forgiveness salient may lead to more lenient moral…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationApologies of the Rich and Famous
Cerulo, K. A., & Ruane, J. M. (2014) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0190272514530412 · Cited by 33
“For literature dealing with the offenders’ and/or victims’ social and personality characteristics, see, for example, Cooney and Phillips (2013), Eaton et al. (2007), Fehr and Gelfand (2010), Holmes (1989), McCullough et al. (1998).”
BackgroundForgiveness and Forgetting: Clinical Implications for Mental Health Counselors
Cosgrove, L., & Konstam, V. (2008) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.30.1.r1h1250015728274 · Cited by 33
Forgiveness in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Quasi‐Experimental Study
Sandage, S. J., Long, B. B., Moen, R., Jankowski, P. J., Worthington, E. L., Wade, N. G., & Rye, M. S. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22185 · Cited by 32
“Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of sincere amends and perceived partner responsiveness in forgiveness
Pansera, C., & Guardia, J. G. L. (2011) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01386.x · Cited by 33
Forgiving You Is Hard, but Forgetting Seems Easy
Noreen, S., Bierman, R., & MacLeod, M. D. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614531602 · Cited by 32
“Despite the fact that the virtues of being able to “forgive and forget” have been extolled for centuries (see McCullough et al., 1998), the current study represents the first empirical demonstration of a link between forgiveness and intentional forgetting.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1586-1603
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4296289882
- Cited by
- 1,435
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 59
- FWCI
- 18.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- interpersonal forgiveness, close relationships, interpersonal conflict
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