Cited by 1,435Forgiveness and Related BehaviorsSocial and Intergroup PsychologyAttachment and Relationship Dynamics

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Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement

McCullough, Michael E., Rachal, K. Chris, Sandage, Steven J., Worthington, Everett L., Brown, Susan Wade, Hight, Terry L.·1998·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586

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Items 701–800 of 999

Interpersonal Forgiveness from an Eastern Orthodox Perspective
Gassin, E. A. (2001) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164710102900301 · Cited by 17
Willingness to forgive: relationships with mood, anxiety and severity of symptoms
Ryan, R. B., & Kumar, V. K. (2004) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674670410001666543 · Cited by 17
“Mauger et al. (1991) Forgiveness of Self Scale was found to be correlated with depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway, & McKinley, 1943).”
BackgroundInfluential
Forgiveness of Interpersonal Offenses in Younger and Older Roman Catholic Women
Romero, C., & Mitchell, D. B. (2008) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-007-9036-1 · Cited by 16
“The 10 subscales showed good internal consistency, and several studies have provided evidence of one or more subscales’ utility as outcome measures in intervention studies (e.g., McCullough and Worthington 1995; McCullough et al. 1997, 1998 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Other-serving double standards: People show moral hypercrisy in close relationships
Weiß, A., & Burgmer, P. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211022836 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, people also tend to be more empathetic about and forgiving of transgressions within closer relationships (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Render good for evil? The relationship between customer mistreatment and customer-oriented citizenship behavior
Ni, D., Liu, X., & Zheng, X. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.114349 · Cited by 16
Message patterns through discourse analysis on the concept of apology and forgiveness during Ramadan among college students practicing Islam
Chavez, J. V., Cuilan, J. T., & Adalia, H. G. (2024) · Environment and Social Psychology · doi:10.54517/esp.v9i3.2043 · Cited by 16
Promoting Forgiveness Through Psychological Distance
Rizvi, S., & Bobocel, D. R. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616662122 · Cited by 16
“(adapted from McCullough et al., 1998).”
The Forgiveness Implicit Association Test
Goldring, J., & Strelan, P. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.006 · Cited by 16
Activating multiple roles of customer-firm relationships in service failures
Sajtos, L., & Chong, Y. S. (2018) · Journal of Service Theory and Practice · doi:10.1108/jstp-07-2017-0105 · Cited by 14
Forgive and Forget: A Typology of Transgressions and Forgiveness Strategies in Married and Dating Relationships
Sheldon, P., & Antony, M. G. (2018) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2018.1504981 · Cited by 16
“example, they are likely to avoid retaliation and are also likely to respond to relational transgressions by forgiving their partner (Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, & Hannon, 2002; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Self‐punishment promotes reconciliation with third parties by addressing the symbolic implications of wrongdoing
de Vel‐Palumbo, M., Wenzel, M., & Woodyatt, L. (2019) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2571 · Cited by 16
The role of relational dependence, forgiveness and hope on the intention to return with an abusive partner
Crapolicchio, E., Regalia, C., Bernardo, G. A. D., & Cinquegrana, V. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211011546 · Cited by 16
“Another scale widely used in literature, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998) is well suited to episodes of aggression but refers to forgiveness of a transgression or single episode of violence, while our sample is Crapolicchio et al.…”
Method
Can customer loyalty to a salesperson be harmful? Examining customer perceptions of salesperson emotional labor strategies post ethical transgressions
Chaker, N. N., Beeler, L. L., & Delpechitre, D. (2021) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.05.005 · Cited by 18
Verzeihen und Selbstverzeihen über die Lebensspanne
Allemand, M., & Steiner, M. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1026/0049-8637/a000012 · Cited by 16
The Power of Remorse and Apology
Friedman, H. H. (2006) · Journal of College and Character · doi:10.2202/1940-1639.1510 · Cited by 16
“McCullough et al. (1998) suggest that a great deal of human misery could be alleviated by getting people to forgive, and not retaliate.”
Relational Spirituality and Dealing With Transgressions: Development of the Relational Engagement of the Sacred for a Transgression (REST) Scale
Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Tongeren, D. R. V., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., & Norton, L. (2010) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2010.507699 · Cited by 16
“The 12-item Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998) was used to assess state forgiveness.”
MethodSelf-citation
Predicting Participation in a Victim–Offender Conference
Paul, G. D. (2015) · Negotiation and Conflict Management Research · doi:10.1111/ncmr.12049 · Cited by 17
Consideration of Forgiveness to Enhance the Health Status of Older Male Prisoners Confronting Spiritual, Social, or Emotional Vulnerability
Bishop, A. J., Randall, G. K., & Merten, M. J. (2012) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464812456632 · Cited by 18
‘Forgiveness is a present to yourself as well’
Field, C., Zander, J., & Hall, G. J. (2013) · International Review of Victimology · doi:10.1177/0269758013492752 · Cited by 16
“Indeed, each of these models has focused on disputes occurring in pre-existing relationships (see Enright, 2001; McCullough et al., 1998; Worthington and Wade, 1999).”
Background
A Pilot Study of a Weekend Retreat Intervention for Family Survivors of Homicide
Tuck, I., Baliko, B., Schubert, C. M., & Anderson, L. (2012) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945912443011 · Cited by 16
Apego y Perdón en el Contexto de las Relaciones de Pareja
Guzmán‐González, M., Santelices, M. P., & Trabucco, C. (2015) · Terapia psicológica · doi:10.4067/s0718-48082015000100004 · Cited by 15
“Además, las escalas del TRIM12 han mostrado asociación con variables de la relación, tales como la satisfacción, el compromiso y la cercanía (p .01) (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundInfluential
El Perdón como Herramienta Clínica en Terapia Individual y de Pareja
Ursúa, M. P., Galán, M. J. C., de Gregorio, V. C., et al. (2012) · Clínica Contemporánea · doi:10.5093/cc2012a8 · Cited by 16
“El perdón está relacionado con las acciones de reparación por parte del transgresor así como con la severidad de la transgresión (Gunderson y Ferrari, 2008; McCullough et al., 1998; Paleari, Regalia y Fincham, 2005).”
Background
Evaluation of an online self-help version of the REACH forgiveness program: Outcomes and predictors of persistence in a community sample.
Nation, J., Wertheim, E., & Worthington, E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22557 · Cited by 16
Self-citation
Exploring the nature, attributes and consequences of forgiveness in children: A qualitative study
Ahirwar, G., Tiwari, G. K., & Rai, P. K. (2019) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.5964/psyct.v12i2.347 · Cited by 17
“Moreover, forgiveness entails the interpersonal relationships that catalyse socially desirable motivational change in the individuals (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
The War of the Roses: An Interdependence Analysis of Betrayal and Forgiveness
Rusbult, C. E., Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., & Wildschut, T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511500077.014 · Cited by 16
Behavior analysis of forgiveness in couples therapy.
Córdova, J. V., Cautilli, J. D., Simon, C., & Sabag, R. A. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100776 · Cited by 17
Do Mixed Emotions Matter in a Crisis? The Impact of Expressing Sadness and Sympathy on Organizational Reputation and Forgiveness
Ndone, J. (2022) · International Journal of Business Communication · doi:10.1177/23294884221106999 · Cited by 15
“Researchers have identified empathy as the other construct of forgiveness (Fehr et al., 2010; McCullough et al., 1998; Riek & Mania, 2012).”
Background
Customer verbal aggression and employee service sabotage: The mediating role of perceived discrimination
Lin, D., Shi, Z., Kim, H., & Qu, H. (2022) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103339 · Cited by 19
An integrated model of aggression: links between core self-evaluations, anger rumination and forgiveness
Levidi, M. D. C., & Collard, J. J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-04077-9 · Cited by 18
“This also corroborates with theoretical grounds, which suggest that when individuals ruminate about past events or angry memories, they re-experience adverse emotions and negative thoughts, which subsequently makes them less likely to forgive (McCullough et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2019).”
Result
Double jeopardy: effects of inter-failures and webcare on (un-)committed online complainants’ revenge
Hutzinger, C., & Weitzl, W. (2023) · Internet Research · doi:10.1108/intr-02-2022-0115 · Cited by 19
Empathic Concern
Batson, C. D. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197610923.001.0001 · Cited by 24
Forgiveness Intervention Model
Bonach, K. (2007) · Journal of Divorce & Remarriage · doi:10.1300/j087v48n01_06 · Cited by 15
Religious affiliation: buffering negative reactions to service failures
Cowart, K. O., Ramirez, E., & Brady, M. K. (2014) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-05-2012-0094 · Cited by 15
A Psychometric Evaluation of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire among Students from Poland and Chile
Wnuk, M. (2017) · Pastoral Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11089-017-0754-4 · Cited by 15
“The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale (TRIM-12) is a motivational measure of forgiveness (McCullough et al. 1998).”
BackgroundMethod
Relationship continuity and person-centred care: An exploratory mixed-methods investigation of spousal partners’ responses to the challenging care needs of those with acquired brain injury
Riley, G. A., Keeble, H. S., Yasmin, N., & Hagger, B. F. (2019) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2019.1566078 · Cited by 15
“By contrast, in stronger loving relationships, partners are more likely to respond by trying to understand it from the perspective of their partner, giving more positive explanations of why it is occurring, and tolerating and forgiving it (Bradbury, Fincham, & Beach, 2000; Fincham, Paleari, & Regalia, 2002; McCullough…”
BackgroundInfluential
Political Humility and Forgiveness of a Political Hurt or Offense
Hodge, A. S., Mosher, D. K., Davis, C. W., Captari, L. E., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., & Tongeren, D. R. V. (2020) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/0091647120911112 · Cited by 13
“…established internal consistency and construct validity, with Avoidance and Revenge subscales negatively correlating with other measures of forgiveness, relationship satisfaction, and commitment, and the Benevolence subscale positively correlating with similar measures (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Method
Links between Faith and Some Strengths of Character: Religious Commitment Manifestations as a Moderators
Wnuk, M. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12090786 · Cited by 15
“The scale has acceptable internal validity, measured with factor analysis, as well as acceptable convergent and discriminant validity, measured by correlations with other measures of forgiveness and similar constructs (McCullough et al. 1998).”
Method
Alcohol and Other Drug Problems Among Homeless Veterans
Benda, B. B., & Belcher, J. R. (2006) · Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j020v24n01_09 · Cited by 15
“McCullough et al. (1997) have conceptualized forgiveness as the absence of revenge (5 items) and avoidance (7 items), and they offer evidence of construct and discriminant validity (McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Feminist Couple Therapy Scale: A Measure of Therapists' Ability to Promote Equality in Couple Relationships
McGeorge, C. R., Carlson, T. S., & Guttormson, H. (2009) · Journal of Feminist Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/08952830903079060 · Cited by 15
“These correlations suggest that the FaCTS demonstrates moderate to good construct validity ( Cronk, 2004 ; McCullough et al, 1998 ; Swinkels et al, 2006 ).”
Background
Measuring the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory in Marital Relationships
Wong, L. C., Chu, A. M. Y., & Chan, C. (2013) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731513498622 · Cited by 15
“This finding is different from the original study, in which avoidance and revenge were two different subscales (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Result
Education for Peace: The Pedagogy of Civilization
Danesh, H. B. (2007) · Palgrave Macmillan US eBooks · doi:10.1057/9780230603585_11 · Cited by 15
Conditional or Unconditional Forgiveness? An Instrument to Measure the Conditionality of Forgiveness
Ursúa, M. P., Anchía, R. J., González, E. G., Galán, M. J. C., Díaz, M. P. M., & Cagigal, V. (2018) · International Journal for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1080/10508619.2018.1485829 · Cited by 15
“In this last phase of the project, the CUFS scale, the TRIM (McCullough et al., 1998) and the FS (Rye et al., 2001) were administered for a second time.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Reparative Prosocial Behavior Difficulties across Childhood Predict Poorer Social Functioning and Depression in Adolescence
Donohue, M. R., Tillman, R., & Luby, J. L. (2020) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00646-3 · Cited by 17
An Experimental Examination of the Effects of Communicative Infidelity Motives on Communication and Relational Outcomes in Romantic Relationships
Dillow, M. R., Malachowski, C. C., Brann, M., & Weber, K. D. (2011) · Western Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/10570314.2011.588986 · Cited by 15
“( 1998 ) discovered that individuals with greater relationship satisfaction and commitment were more likely to forgive their partner after a transgression.”
Background
Not Shifting but Broadening Marital Research: Comments on Fincham, Stanley, and Beach
Karney, B. R. (2007) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2007.00366.x · Cited by 15
Predicting Commitment in New Relationships: Interactive Effects of Relational Self-construal and Power
Terzino, K. A., & Cross, S. E. (2008) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860802102273 · Cited by 15
“Forgiveness has been defined as a decrease in avoidance and revenge motivations after a transgression (McCullough et al., 1998) or an increase in prosocial motivations towards a transgressor (Karremans, Van Lange, & Holland, 2005).”
Background
Human-AI collaborative recovery: How recovery sequence and strategy order drive consumer forgiveness
Yang, G., & Shao, B. (2025) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2025.104452 · Cited by 17
I can see clearly now: Clarity of transgression-related motivations enhances narcissists' lack of forgiveness
Fatfouta, R., & Schröder–Abé, M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.010 · Cited by 15
“That is, when individuals forgive, they become less motivated to hurt the transgressor and, instead, more motivated to respond benignly (McCullough et al., 1997;McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Does Empathy Promotion Necessarily Lead to Greater Forgiveness? An Experimental Examination
Cornish, M. A., Guyll, M., Wade, N. G., Lannin, D. G., Madon, S., & Chason, K. C. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9816-8 · Cited by 19
The Older, the More Forgiving? Characteristics of Forgiveness of Chinese Older Adults
Tao, L., Zhu, T., Min, Y., & Ji, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.732863 · Cited by 14
Relationship Norm Moderates Observers’ Reaction to Unearned Preferential Treatment
Chark, R., & Wang, J. (2023) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/00472875231175076 · Cited by 15
“For instance, a prior study suggests that consumers are more likely to forgive service transgressions when they have a friendly relationship with the business owner (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Self-esteem moderates the response to forgiveness instructions among women with a history of victimization
Cardi, M., Milich, R. S., Harris, M. J., & Kearns, E. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.09.007 · Cited by 14
When social accounts promote acceptance of unfair ultimatum offers: The role of the victim’s stress responses to uncertainty and power position
van Dijke, M., & Cremer, D. D. (2011) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.014 · Cited by 15
Exploring the Contributions of Grit and Personality in the Prediction of Self- and Other-Forgiveness
Walker, C. O. (2017) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000236 · Cited by 14
“While religion (Rye & McCabe, 2014), empathy (Toussaint & Webb, 2005), prayer (Toussaint, Kamble, Marschall, & Duggi, 2016), and preexisting relational quality (McCullough et al., 1998) have been found to predict selfand other-forgiveness, the results of the current study demonstrate that grit also stands to meaningfu…”
Result
For whom we forgive matters: relationship focus magnifies, but self‐focus buffers against the negative effects of forgiving an exploitative partner
Gabriels, J. B., & Strelan, P. (2017) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12230 · Cited by 14
“…victims experience a range of negative emotions directed at offenders (Ohbuchi, Kameda, & Agarie, 1989), so that typically they aremotivated to retaliate or at least avoid transgressors (Aquino, Tripp, & Bies, 2006; Leary, Springer, Negel, Ansell, & Evans, 1998; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Interpersonal Forgiveness and Meaning in Life in Older Adults: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of the Religious Meaning System
Krok, D., & Zarzycka, B. (2021) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel12010037 · Cited by 14
Measuring the Differences in Pairs' Marital Forgiveness Scores: Construct Validity and Links with Relationship Satisfaction
Bugay, A. (2014) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/21.02.pr0.114k18w5 · Cited by 14
How Religion Promotes Forgiveness: The Case of Turkish Muslims
Ayten, A. (2012) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1163/15736121-12341243 · Cited by 14
Associations Between Women’s Experiences of Sexual Violence and Forgiveness
Davidson, M. M., Lozano, N. M., Cole, B. P., & Gervais, S. J. (2013) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00075 · Cited by 13
“Three subscales compose the TRIM-18-R: avoidance, revenge, and benevolence.”
BackgroundInfluential
Construction of a questionnaire for readiness to reconcile in victims of human rights violations
Stammel, N., Neuner, F., Böttche, M., & Knaevelsrud, C. (2012) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v3i0.15785 · Cited by 13
“…Gubin, & Hagengimana, 2005), and other relevant concepts, such as forgiveness (Heartland Forgiveness Scale; Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory, TRIM) (McCullough et al., 1998; Thompson et al., 2005), and vengeance (Vengeance Scale) (Stuckless & Goranson, 1992) were examined.”
Background
The Influence of Black Racial Identity on the Forgiveness of Whites
Leach, M. M., Baker, A., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2010) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798410380201 · Cited by 17
“been found to be significant predictors of interpersonal forgiveness, such as the sincerity of apologies (Govier & Verwoerd, 2002), the reduction of anger and increase in empathy (McCullough et al., 1998), level of hurt (Luskin, Ginzburg, & Thoresen, 2005), dispositional forgiveness (Allemand, Amberg, Zimprich, & Finc…”
Background
The Impact of Post-Apology Behavioral Consistency on Victim's Forgiveness Intention: A Study of Trust Violation Among Coworkers1
Hui, C.-C. H., LAU, F. L. Y., TSANG, K. L. C., & PAK, S. T. (2011) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00754.x · Cited by 14
“Forgiveness was assessed with an instrument that was translated and modified from the 12-item Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations scale (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Exploring the links between identity styles and forgiveness in university students.
Seaton, C. L., & Beaumont, S. L. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/a0032009 · Cited by 14
Self-oriented forgiveness and other-oriented forgiveness: Shaping high-quality exchange relationships
Thompson, B., & Simkins, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Management & Organization · doi:10.1017/jmo.2016.18 · Cited by 14
“Previous research demonstrated that forgiveness can increase well-being, conflict management, and productivity, etc. (McCullough et al., 1998; Aquino et al., 2003).”
Background
Forgiving Sports Celebrities with Ethical Transgressions: The Role of Parasocial Relationships, Ethical Intent and Regulatory Focus Mindset
Lee, S. H. (., Simkins, T. J., Luster, S., & Chowdhury, S. (2018) · Journal of Global Sport Management · doi:10.1080/24704067.2018.1441737 · Cited by 12
“As such, high levels of closeness or commitment to an offender is positively associated with forgiveness toward that individual (Finkel, Rusbult, Kumashiro, & Hannon, 2002; McCullough et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
“You say it best when you say nothing at all”: Effects of reparation, apology, and expressions of emotions on intergroup forgiveness.
Čehajić‐Clancy, S., & Brown, R. J. (2018) · Peace and Conflict Journal of Peace Psychology · doi:10.1037/pac0000351 · Cited by 14
Apology in Civil Law: A Psycho-Legal Perspective
Allan, A. (2007) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1375/pplt.14.1.5 · Cited by 14
“…behaviour to circumstances (rather than 10 the intentional, controlled, and avoidable behaviour of the wrongdoers) experience less anger (Averill, 1983a, 1983b; Weiner, 1985) and are more likely to forgive the wrongdoer (Kremer & Stephens, 1983; McCullough et al., 1998; McCullough et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluential
Forgive like You Mean It: Sincerity of Forgiveness and the Experience of Negative Affect
Merolla, A. J. (2014) · Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01463373.2013.860903 · Cited by 14
“McCullough et al. (1998) noted that offender apologies encourage forgiveness because apologies can reflect the offender’s empathy for the victim, as well as mobilize victim empathy for the offender.”
BackgroundInfluential
On Measuring Forgiveness: Implications from Smallest Space Analysis of the Forgiveness Likelihood Scale
Kumar, V. K., & Ryan, R. B. (2009) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9045-2 · Cited by 13
“Citing earlier work (Boon and Sulsky 1997; Fincham et al. 2002; Finkelet al. 2002; Karremans et al. 2003; McCullough, et al. 1998; McCulloughet al. 1997; Zechmeister and Romero 2002), Exline et al.(2008) noted forgiveness is most likely when (a) offenses are minor, (b) empathic feelings develop toward the transgressor,”
Background
Forgiveness and flourishing
Toussaint, L. L. (2022) · Spiritual Care · doi:10.1515/spircare-2022-0042 · Cited by 12
“The first dimension of forgiveness is forgiveness of others and it is commonly defined as the replacement of negative thoughts, feelings, and motivations directed at an offender with positive ones (McCullough et al. 1998).”
Background
Avoiding the brand for me, us, or them? Consumer reactions to negative brand events
Gerrath, M. H. E. E., Brakus, J. J., Siamagka, N., & Christodoulides, G. (2022) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113533 · Cited by 16
Psychological resilience and depression among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: The mediating role of self-forgiveness and the moderating role of isolation
Kuang, S., Wang, W., Yan, S., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Wu, Y., & Li, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05701-6 · Cited by 16
“These correlations are found to mitigate negative effects of adverse events by replacing negative emotions with positive one (McCullough et al., 1998; Worthington & Scherer, 2004), ultimately decreasing the likelihood of depression (Kaleta & Mróz, 2020).”
Between Remembering and Forgetting
Band‐Winterstein, T., Eisikovits, Z. C., & Koren, C. (2010) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/1473325010361998 · Cited by 13
Is It Really more Blessed to Give than to Receive? A Consideration of Forgiveness and Perceived Health
Bassett, R. L., Carrier, E., Charleson, K., Pak, N. R., Schwingel, R., Majors, A., Pitre, M., Sundlof-Stoller, A., & Bloser, C. (2016) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711604400103 · Cited by 13
“The first scale in the body of the survey was the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation Scale – 12 Item Form (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
Method
Forgiving the unforgivable: Couples’ forgiveness and expected forgiveness of emotional and sexual infidelity from an error management theory perspective.
Bendixen, M., Kennair, L. E. O., & Grøntvedt, T. V. (2018) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/ebs0000110 · Cited by 13
What you don't know might hurt me: Keeping secrets in interpersonal relationships
Bedrov, A., & Leary, M. R. (2021) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12373 · Cited by 12
Examining the relationship between gratitude and rumination: The mediating role of forgiveness
Çolak, T. S., & Güngör, A. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01015-5 · Cited by 14
Exploring the Psychological Processes That Underlie Interpersonal Forgiveness: Replication and Extension of the Model of Motivated Interpersonal Forgiveness
Donovan, L. A. N., & Priester, J. R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02107 · Cited by 13
Between friends: Forgiveness, unforgiveness, and wrongdoing in same-sex friendships
Boon, S. D., Hojjat, M., Paulin, M. M., & Stackhouse, M. R. D. (2021) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075211062272 · Cited by 13
“, 2020) frequently operationalize unforgiveness using scores on the revenge and avoidance subscales of the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations scale (TRIM; McCullough et al. 1998).”
Method
The relation between implicit theories of personality and forgiveness
NG, A. S., & Tong, E. M. W. (2012) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2012.01419.x · Cited by 15
A Function of Forgiveness
Marks, M. J., Trafimow, D., Busche, L., et al. (2013) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013507267 · Cited by 13
“The prosocial motivational component of forgiveness (e.g., McCullough, Fincham, & Tsang, 2003; McCullough et al., 1998) should render it a viable strategy for mood reparation or improvement.”
Background
Suffering need not beget suffering: why we forgive
Noor, M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.013 · Cited by 13
Hurt and Psychological Health in Close Relationships
Braithwaite, S. R., Fincham, F. D., & Lambert, N. M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.019 · Cited by 14
Cognitive and emotional predictors of episodic and dispositional forgiveness
Mróz, J., & Kaleta, K. (2017) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2017-0018 · Cited by 13
Self-esteem, forgiveness, perception of family harmony, and subjective well-being in adolescents
Utami, M., Praptomojati, A., Wulan, D. L. A., & Fauziah, Y. (2018) · International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology · doi:10.5861/ijrsp.2018.2006 · Cited by 15
“Inability to forgive and forget mistakes or disappointments that cause domination of negative affect over positive can lead to low levels of subjective well-being (McCullough, Bellah, Kilpatrick, & Johnson, 2001; McCullough, 2000; McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
The Multidimensional Nature of the Quest Construct Forgiveness, Spiritual Perception,& Differentiation of Self
Holeman, V. T., Dean, J. B., DeShea, L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711103900103 · Cited by 13
Competing Discourses of Forgiveness: A Dialogic Perspective
Pederson, J. (2014) · Communication Studies · doi:10.1080/10510974.2013.833526 · Cited by 13
The Transgressor's Response to Denied Forgiveness
Jennings, D. J., Worthington, E. L., Tongeren, D. R. V., Hook, J. N., Davis, D. E., Gartner, A. L., Greer, C. L., & Mosher, D. K. (2016) · Journal of Psychology and Theology · doi:10.1177/009164711604400102 · Cited by 13
“…1: Batson’s Empathy Adjectives (Batson et al., 1983; α = .86), State Anger Scale (Spielberger et al., 1983; α = .95), and the 18-item Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (McCullough & Hoyt, 2002; McCullough et al., 1998; TRIM-A, α = .94; TRIM-B, α = .93; TRIM-R, α = .89).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Exploring the dimensionality of the TRIM-18 in the Spanish context
Fernández-Capo, M., Recoder, S., Gómez‐Benito, J., Gámiz, M., Gual, P. L., Díez, P. D., & Worthington, E. L. (2017) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.33.2.264461 · Cited by 25
Self-citation
The Benefits of Forgiveness at Work: A Longitudinal Investigation of the Time-Lagged Relations Between Forgiveness and Work Outcomes
Cao, W., van der Wal, R. C., & Taris, T. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.710984 · Cited by 14
A hypothetic model for examining the relationship between happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity and emotional security
Ercengiz, M., SAFALI, S., Kaya, A., & Turan, M. E. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02909-2 · Cited by 15
“Forgiveness can generally be defined as avoiding the event or person that caused this negative situation after a negative situation (transgression) occurs, decreasing motivation for revenge, and replacing negative emotions with positive ones (McCullough et al., 1998; Worthington et al., 2005).”
Background
How do Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy tendencies influence consumer avoidance and revenge-seeking following a service failure?
Hancock, T. D., Waites, S. F., Johnson, C., & Stevens, J. L. (2023) · Journal of Consumer Marketing · doi:10.1108/jcm-05-2022-5390 · Cited by 14
Fostering emotional well-being in adolescents: the role of physical activity, emotional intelligence, and interpersonal forgiveness
Yang, S., Jing, L., He, Q., & Wang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1408022 · Cited by 28
Revisiting the Fraud Triangle in Corporate Frauds: Towards a Polygon of Elements
Roffia, P., & Poffo, M. (2025) · Journal of risk and financial management · doi:10.3390/jrfm18030156 · Cited by 30
Not the Best: What Rush Limbaugh's Apology to Sandra Fluke Reveals about Image Restoration Strategies on Commercial Radio
Bentley, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Radio & Audio Media · doi:10.1080/19376529.2012.722474 · Cited by 12
Instructor Misbehavior and Forgiveness: An Examination of Student Communicative Outcomes in the Aftermath of Instructor Misbehavior
Vallade, J. I., & Malachowski, C. M. (2015) · Communication Education · doi:10.1080/03634523.2015.1038728 · Cited by 13
“First, following the procedures utilized in previous relational transgression research (McCullough et al., 1998; Roloff, Soule, & Carey, 2001) and instructor misbehavior research (Vallade et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Functions of Personal Experience and of Expression of Regret
Summerville, A. L., & Buchanan, J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167213515026 · Cited by 12
“Alternatively, taking ownership of one’s mistakes or expressing regret in an apology may help keep social ties strong (McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background
Investigation of Marital Satisfaction in terms of Proactive Personality, Meaning in Life, Offense-Specific Forgiveness
Çeli̇k, E., ÇELİK, B., YAVAŞ, Ş., & Süler, M. (2022) · International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies · doi:10.52380/ijpes.2022.9.1.348 · Cited by 12
Forgiveness of in-group offenders in Christian congregations.
Greer, C. L., Worthington, E. L., Tongeren, D. R. V., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., Lin, Y., Lavelock, C. R., Greer, T. W., & Ho, M. Y. (2014) · Psychology of Religion and Spirituality · doi:10.1037/a0035186 · Cited by 12
Self-citation
‘Now, he will be the leader of the house’: An equine intervention with at-risk Guatemalan youth
Gibbons, J. L., Cunningham, C. A., Paiz, L., Poelker, K. E., & Chajón, A. (2016) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2016.1202844 · Cited by 12
“Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM; McCullough et al., 1998).”
Background

Authors: McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L.
ORCID: McCullough, Michael E.
Sandage, Steven J.
Worthington, Everett L.
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998
Volume: 75
Issue: 6
Pages: 1586-1603
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586
OpenAlex: W4296289882
Cited by: 1,435
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 66 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 99 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 68 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 59
FWCI: 18.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Forgiveness and Related Behaviors
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
Keywords: interpersonal forgiveness, close relationships, interpersonal conflict

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Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II: Theoretical elaboration and measurement

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