The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection.
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Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Reflection is an adaptive form of self-focus motivated by curiosity (Trapnell & Campbell, 1999)”
From Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial (2022) · cites this paper as Trapnell & Campbell, 1999
In the citing paper
“The Rumination Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) is valid and reliable 12-item measure of rumination.”
From Testing Mindfulness Mechanisms of Action on the Stress and Burnout of Social Workers (2024) · cites this paper as Trapnell & Campbell, 1999
In the citing paper
“Trapnell and Campbell (1999) reported the rumination subscale exhibited good convergent and discriminant validity.”
From A randomised trial of Mindfulness-based Social Work and Self-Care with social workers (2023) · cites this paper as Trapnell & Campbell, 1999
In the citing paper
“The measure has good psychometric properties; the rumination scale has a Cronbach ' s alpha of 0.90, and the reflection scale has a Cronbach ' s alpha of 0.91.”
From Guided self-help for depression in autistic adults: The ADEPT feasibility RCT (2019) · cites this paper as [66]
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Items 1,001–1,013 of 1,013
Wang, J., Wei, L., Zhu, L., & Schroevers, M. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23346 · Cited by 8
Testing Mindfulness Mechanisms of Action on the Stress and Burnout of Social Workers
Maddock, A. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02353-2 · Cited by 8
“The Rumination Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) is valid and reliable 12-item measure of rumination.”
Renna, M. E., Spaeth, P. E., Quintero, J. M., O'Toole, M. S., Sandman, C. F., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104420 · Cited by 7
Hooker, A. R., Sagui-Henson, S. J., Daubenmier, J., Moran, P. J., Hartogensis, W., Acree, M., Kristeller, J., Epel, E. S., Mason, A. E., & Hecht, F. M. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01951-2 · Cited by 6
“Reflection The 12-item subscale of the Rumination-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) assessed the extent to which a respondent had introspective, self-attentive thought patterns.”
BackgroundMethodPreliminary validation of the Cognitive Affective Mindfulness Scale–Revised in cancer populations
Snyder, S., Secinti, E., Chinh, K., Wu, W., Johns, S. A., & Mosher, C. E. (2024) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6260 · Cited by 6
Maddock, A. (2024) · The British Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcae116 · Cited by 5
Juszczyk-Kalina, A., Holas, P., & Farchione, T. J. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07744-9 · Cited by 4
“Daily rumination will be measured with three items based on Trapnell and Camp-bell’s scale [77].”
MethodZhou, J., Li, M., Dong, J., Shi, H., & Shi, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1329043 · Cited by 2
Sánchez-Cueva, S., Alonso-Esteban, Y., & Alcantud-Marín, F. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11040111 · Cited by 2
Conradi, H. S. W., Nguyen, T., Lawal, O. A., & Carlson, L. E. (2025) · Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health · doi:10.1177/27536130251367051 · Cited by 1
Lievesley, R., & Harper, C. A. (2026) · Psychology & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/19419899.2026.2619511 · Cited by 1
Mindfulness and rumination: stress pathways for caregivers of persons living with dementia.
Savla, J., Mansoor, M., Kim, N., Hagemann, L., Luci, K., & Sapra, M. (2026) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnag103
“The Rumination–Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ; Trapnell & Campbell, 1999) consists of 24 items divided into two sub-scales—self-rumination and self-reflection—where questions were rated from 1 ( strongly disagree ) to 5 ( strongly agree ) and summed to provide a total score.”
Zech (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0984(199911/12)13:6
Metadata
- Authors
- Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 284-304
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4294294090
- Cited by
- 1,646
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 120 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 101 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 94 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 54 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 10.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- private self-consciousness, Big Five personality traits, rumination, reflection, personality traits, self-consciousness
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