Gender, race/ethnicity, personality, and interleukin-6 in urban primary care patients
Open accessAbstract
Gender, race/ethnicity, and personality are markers of significant psychosocial and biological variability. Each may have implications for allostatic load and resulting inflammatory processes, yet findings have been largely mixed. We investigated whether women, minorities, and those higher in Neuroticism and lower in Extraversion were at risk for elevated circulating levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 in a sample of 103 middle aged and older urban primary care patients. Regression analyses controlling for age, education, current depression levels, and chronic medical conditions revealed that women, minorities, and individuals lower in Extraversion had higher circulating levels of IL-6. Analyses of more specific personality traits revealed that the sociability and positive emotions components of Extraversion were unassociated with IL-6, but the activity facet-reflecting dispositional vigor and energy-was robustly associated with IL-6. The difference between high (+1 Standard Deviation (SD)) and low (-1 SD) trait activity was sufficient to shift IL-6 levels beyond a previously established high risk cut-point in both white and minority women. These findings suggest that while broad group differences between genders and races/ethnicities exist, personality represents an important source of individual differences in inflammation within groups. Future work should examine to what extent IL-6 levels are linked to temperament or genetic activity levels vs. physical activity itself, and whether IL-6 levels may be reduced by boosting regular activity levels in demographic segments such as women and minorities who appear susceptible to greater inflammation.
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Neuroticism has been associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers in multiple studies, in addition to several null findings.
“In addition to several null findings (26-28), neuroticism has been associated with higher levels of inflammatory markers in multiple studies (29,30).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
Chapman and colleagues previously reported that extraversion was associated with lower IL-6 in a low-SES primary care sample.
“Chapman and colleagues (26) previously reported that extraversion was associated with lower IL-6 in a low-SES primary care sample, and thus further study may be warranted.”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [26]
The increasing inclusion of biomarkers in personality-longevity studies is beginning to illuminate biological pathways such as systemic inflammation and artery calcification.
“Second, the increasing inclusion of biomarkers in personality-longevity studies is beginning to illuminate biological pathways such as systemic inflammation [65, 66, 218, 219] and artery calcification [220, 221]”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [219]
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- Authors
- Chapman, B. P., Khan, A., Harper, M., Stockman, D., Fiscella, K., Walton, J., Duberstein, P., Talbot, N., Lyness, J. M., & Moynihan, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chapman, Benjamin P.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 636-642
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2694851
- OpenAlex
- W2007928557
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Center, University of Rochester
- National Institute on Aging (K08AG031328, R21AG023956, R24AG031089, L30 AG031021)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K24MH072712, T32MH073452)
- National Center for Research Resources (5-M01-RR-00044, M01RR000044)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, inflammation, personality traits, neuroticism, extraversion, gender differences, racial and ethnic minorities, allostatic load, psychosocial risk factors, middle-aged and older adults, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Depression, Ethnicity, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Minority Groups, New York, Personality, Personality Inventory, Primary Health Care, Urban Population, Interleukin-6, Racial Groups
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