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Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.
Abstract
Three experience-sampling studies explored the distributions of Big-Five-relevant states (behavior) across 2 to 3 weeks of everyday life. Within-person variability was high, such that the typical individual regularly and routinely manifested nearly all levels of all traits in his or her everyday behavior. Second, individual differences in central tendencies of behavioral distributions were almost perfectly stable. Third, amount of behavioral variability (and skew and kurtosis) were revealed as stable individual differences. Finally, amount of within-person variability in extraversion was shown to reflect individual differences in reactivity to extraversion-relevant situational cues. Thus, decontextualized and noncontingent Big-Five content is highly useful for descriptions of individuals' density distributions as wholes. Simultaneously, contextualized and contingent personality units (e.g., conditional traits, goals) are needed for describing the considerable within-person variation.
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“When someone is described as being psychologically flexible, they are more apt to be versatile, using top-down strategies. That is, they show an awareness of what a situation requires and an ability to organize and prioritize strategies that “fit” the situation rather than relying on dominant, default strategies (Fleeson, 2001).”
From Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health (2010) · cites this paper as Fleeson, 2001
In the citing paper
“Personality traits can be conceptualized as density distributions of states. That is, individuals' average tendencies to experience specific, discrete states, such as nostalgia, provide highly stable descriptions of their personality (Fleeson, 2001).”
From Water From the Lake of Memory: The Regulatory Model of Nostalgia (2023) · cites this paper as Fleeson, 2001
In the citing paper
“Indeed, there is evidence that the association between Conscientiousness and course grades is mediated by positive study habits and attitudes, effort, and prosocial behavior in the classroom.”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as [187]
In the citing paper
“research suggests that traits are frequently experienced states”
From Being Mindful: A Long-term Investigation of an Interdisciplinary Course in Mindfulness (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“therefore, changes in state anxiety may have gradual effects on changes in trait anxiety.42,43”
From Being Mindful: A Long-term Investigation of an Interdisciplinary Course in Mindfulness (2019) · cites this paper as [42]
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“That is, they show an awareness of what a situation requires and an ability to organize and prioritize strategies that " fit " the situation rather than relying on dominant, default strategies (Fleeson, 2001).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Fleeson, W.
- Corresponding author
- Fleeson, William
- ORCID
- Fleeson, William
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1011-1027
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W4322696896
- Cited by
- 1,436
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 10.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- personality structure, personality processes, personality traits, state
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