Cited by 1,436Personality Traits and PsychologySocial and Intergroup PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

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Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.

Fleeson, William·2001·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Abstract

Three experience-sampling studies explored the distributions of Big-Five-relevant states (behavior) across 2 to 3 weeks of everyday life. Within-person variability was high, such that the typical individual regularly and routinely manifested nearly all levels of all traits in his or her everyday behavior. Second, individual differences in central tendencies of behavioral distributions were almost perfectly stable. Third, amount of behavioral variability (and skew and kurtosis) were revealed as stable individual differences. Finally, amount of within-person variability in extraversion was shown to reflect individual differences in reactivity to extraversion-relevant situational cues. Thus, decontextualized and noncontingent Big-Five content is highly useful for descriptions of individuals' density distributions as wholes. Simultaneously, contextualized and contingent personality units (e.g., conditional traits, goals) are needed for describing the considerable within-person variation.

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Authors: Fleeson, W.
Corresponding author: Fleeson, William
ORCID: Fleeson, William
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2001
Volume: 80
Issue: 6
Pages: 1011-1027
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.1011
OpenAlex: W4322696896
Cited by: 1,436
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 94 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 116 · 2020: 152 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 51 · 2013: 60 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 10.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: personality structure, personality processes, personality traits, state

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Toward a structure- and process-integrated view of personality: Traits as density distributions of states.

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