The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated.
Abstract
Procedures for examining whether treatment effects on an outcome are mediated and/or moderated have been well developed and are routinely applied. The mediation question focuses on the intervening mechanism that produces the treatment effect. The moderation question focuses on factors that affect the magnitude of the treatment effect. It is important to note that these two processes may be combined in informative ways, such that moderation is mediated or mediation is moderated. Although some prior literature has discussed these possibilities, their exact definitions and analytic procedures have not been completely articulated. The purpose of this article is to define precisely both mediated moderation and moderated mediation and provide analytic strategies for assessing each.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Mediation in experimental and nonexperimental studies: New procedures and recommendations.
Shrout, P. E., & Bolger, N. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.4.422 · Cited by 11,335
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
Mediators and Moderators of Treatment Effects in Randomized Clinical Trials
Kraemer, H. C., Wilson, G. T., Fairburn, C. G., & Agras, W. S. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.877 · Cited by 2,562
Process Analysis: Estimating Mediation in Treatment Evaluations
Judd, C. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1981) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x8100500502 · Cited by 2,442
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 11
- Aiken, 1991, Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions.
- 10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.348 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0021-9010.69.2.307 · DOI · Paper page
- Judd, 1989, Data analysis: A model comparison approach.
- 10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.201 · DOI · Paper page
- Kenny, 1998, Data analysis in social psychology., Vol. 2, 233
- 10.1207/s15327906mbr3301_1 · DOI
- 10.1207/s15327906mbr3001_3 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.5 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.972 · DOI
- Wegener, 2000, Analysis and design for non-experimental data: Addressing causal and noncausal hypothesis., 412
Cited by
Items 101–130 of 130
Examining the factors influencing fintech adoption behaviour of gen Y in India
Aggarwal, M., Nayak, K. M., & Bhatt, V. (2023) · Cogent Economics & Finance · doi:10.1080/23322039.2023.2197699 · Cited by 54
Wörtler, B., Van Yperen, N. W., & Barelds, D. P. H. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09775-9 · Cited by 53
Desmet, P. T. M., De Cremer, D., & van Dijk, E. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.027 · Cited by 50
Spielmann, S. S., Maxwell, J. A., MacDonald, G., & Baratta, P. L. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212472541 · Cited by 50
The role of psychological flexibility in the demands–exhaustion–performance relationship
Onwezen, M. C., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., & Biron, M. (2014) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2012.742242 · Cited by 49
Sigal, A. B., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J.-Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.651992 · Cited by 48
Darnon, C., Wiederkehr, V., Dompnier, B., & Martinot, D. (2018) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12214 · Cited by 46
Roelle, J., Lehmkuhl, N., Beyer, M.-U., & Berthold, K. (2015) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000010 · Cited by 42
Social Support in Two Cultures: Everyday Transactions in the U.S. and Empathic Assurance in Japan
Morling, B., Uchida, Y., & Frentrup, S. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0127737 · Cited by 40
Single-case experimental research designs.
Kazdin, A. E. (2015) · Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (4th ed.). · doi:10.1037/14805-029 · Cited by 39
Li, R., Cooper, C., Barber, J., Rapaport, P., Griffin, M., & Livingston, G. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.07.008 · Cited by 38
Relationships can drive some to drink: Relationship-contingent self-esteem and drinking problems
Rodriguez, L. M., Knee, C. R., & Neighbors, C. (2014) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407513494037 · Cited by 37
Badr, H., & Milbury, K. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.08.002 · Cited by 34
Lai, L., Pan, Y., Xu, R., & Jiang, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1580826 · Cited by 34
Griffin, D. W., & Harris, P. R. (2011) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797611405678 · Cited by 34
Rothman, A. J. (2013) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0333-y · Cited by 30
Myeong, S., & Bokhari, S. A. A. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152015075 · Cited by 30
Brady, S. S. (2008) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20335 · Cited by 28
Schoenfelder, E. N., Tein, J.-Y., Wolchik, S., & Sandler, I. N. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9905-6 · Cited by 21
“We tested mediation even for models with a marginallysignificant effect because of the limited sample size and because a moderator that is marginally-significant for the main effect may still significantly moderate the mediational pathway (Muller et al. 2005).”
MethodMahrer, N. E., Winslow, E., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J.-Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12258 · Cited by 21
Bokhari, S. A. A., & Seunghwan, M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16104246 · Cited by 20
Promoting Positive Youth Development: A Psychosocial Intervention Evaluation
Eichas, K., Kurtines, W. M., Rinaldi, R. L., & Farr, A. C. (2018) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2018a5 · Cited by 19
Muere, A., Tripp, D. A., Nickel, J. C., Kelly, K.-L., Mayer, R., Pontari, M., Moldwin, R., Carr, L. K., Yang, C. C., & Nordling, J. (2018) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.11.001 · Cited by 18
Salvatore, J. E., Meyers, J. L., Yan, J., Aliev, F., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Rose, R. J., Pulkkinen, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000066 · Cited by 17
Skafida, V., & Devaney, J. (2023) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105991 · Cited by 16
The Effect of Loneliness on Nomophobia: A Moderated Mediation Model
Heng, S., Gao, Q., & Wang, M. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13070595 · Cited by 14
When Being Discrepant From One’s Ideal or Ought Selves Hurts: The Moderating Role of Neuroticism
Hong, R. Y., Triyono, W., & Ong, P. S. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1888 · Cited by 11
Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1750 · Cited by 3
“Fourth, we tested if pre – post change in traitmindfulnessdomainswasamediator and assignedintervention was a moderator, based on recommendations [43].”
MethodJi, Z., Zhang, Y., Xu, X., Yan, X., Gao, B., Sun, Q., Wu, L., Mu, H., & Zhao, M. (2026) · Psychology, Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2539932 · Cited by 2
“Muller et al. (2005) suggested that three statistical steps are needed to establish moderated mediation.”
Goldsmith, K., Hudson, J. L., Chalder, T., Dennison, L., & Moss-Morris, R. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103594 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y.
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 852-863
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2129951714
- Cited by
- 3,340
- References
- 5
- FWCI
- 66.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
