The DOI matches its Crossref record; 240 of the 240 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Automatic and effortful processing in depression.
Abstract
Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (a) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed. (b) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness are also addressed. The effortful-automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Cognitive deficits associated with depression are typically evident during tasks that require effortful, rather than automatic, processing (Hartlage et al. 1993).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Hartlage et al. 1993
Citations
Cites
Items 201–240 of 240
Learned helplessness and depression in a clinical population: a test of two behavioral hypotheses.
Price, K. P., Tryon, W., & Raps, C. S. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.87.1.113 · Cited by 41
Memory deficit in clinical depression: processing resources and the structure of materials
Watts, F., Dalgleish, T., Bourke, P. A., et al. (1990) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700017657 · Cited by 38
Problem-solving strategies in depressed and nondepressed college students
DOBSON, D. J. G., & Dobson, K. S. (1981) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01193408 · Cited by 36
Some cognitive correlates of affective disorders
Robertson, G., & Taylor, P. J. (1985) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291700023576 · Cited by 36
Barbiturate tolerance and psychological functioning in elderly depressed patients
Cawley, R. H., Post, F., & Whitehead, A. (1973) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170004633x · Cited by 36
Distraction and depressive cognitions
Krames, L., & MacDonald, M. R. (1985) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01173009 · Cited by 34
Somatic and psychic factors in the treatment of elderly psychiatric patients
Post, F. (1966) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(66)90129-2 · Cited by 30
Focused attention and depressive deficits in memory.
Ellis, H. C. (1991) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.120.3.310 · Cited by 28
Schizophrenia : treatment, management, and rehabilitation
Bellack, A. S. (1984) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 28
Naturally occurring mood and learning: Comment on Hasher, Rose, Zacks, Sanft, and Doren.
Mayer, J. D., & Bower, G. H. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.396 · Cited by 28
Intellectual functioning and abstraction ability in major affective disorders
Clark, D. C., Clayton, P. J., Andreasen, N. C., Lewis, C. E., FAWCETT, J. A., & Scheftner, W. A. (1985) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(85)90086-0 · Cited by 27
Psychological Deficits in Depressed Medical Patients
COLE, K. D., & Zarit, S. H. (1984) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198403000-00004 · Cited by 25
Some Factors Affecting Reaction Times to Auditory Stimuli in Mental Patients
Hall, K. R. L., & Stride, E. (1954) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.100.419.462 · Cited by 25
Memory-learning impairments in progressive dementia and depression
Weingartner, H., Cohen, R. M., Bunney, W. E., Ebert, M. H., & Kaye, W. H. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.1.135b · Cited by 25
The clinical utility of the Digit Symbol Test.
Beck, A. T., Feshbach, S., & Legg, D. (1962) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0049298 · Cited by 24
Speed in Test Performance in Relation to Depressive Illness and Age
Weckowicz, T. E., Nutter, R. W., Cruise, D. G., & Yonge, K. A. (1972) · Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal · doi:10.1177/07067437720176s236 · Cited by 24
Speed in test performance in depressed patients.
Weckowicz, T. E., Tam, C.-N. I., Mason, J. W., et al. (1978) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.87.5.578 · Cited by 24
Relationship of mild depression to psychological deficit in college students.
Berndt, D., & Berndt, S. M. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198010)36:4 · Cited by 24
Sensorimotor gating and the neurobiology of schizophrenia: Human and animal studies.
BRAFF, D. L., & Geyer, M. A. (1989) · Cited by 24
Automatic Memory Processes in Patients with Dementia-Alzheimer's Type (DAT)
Grafman, J. H., Weingartner, H., LAWLOR, B. A., et al. (1990) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80086-x · Cited by 23
STUDIES IN THE APPLICATION OF MENTAL TESTS TO PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS
DAVIDSON, M. (1939) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1939.tb00708.x · Cited by 23
Perceptual Regulation and Mental Disorder
Dixon, N. F., & Lear, T. E. (1962) · Journal of Mental Science · doi:10.1192/bjp.108.454.356 · Cited by 22
Changes in Test Performance of Ambulatory Depressed Patients Undergoing Electro-Shock Therapy
Fisher, K. A. (1949) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1949.9711223 · Cited by 20
Contextual organization and intentionality in adults' spatial memory.
Waddell, K. J., & Rogoff, B. (1987) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.23.4.514 · Cited by 20
THE MODIFIED WORD‐LEARNING TEST: A CROSS‐VALIDATION STUDY
Walton, D., WHITE, J. G., Black, D. A., et al. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00487.x · Cited by 20
Automatic memory search and the effects of information load and irrelevant information.
Palmer, J. C., & Jonides, J. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.14.1.136 · Cited by 19
Word Memory in Non-Psychotic Depression
Davis, H., & Unruh, W. R. (1980) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1980.51.3.699 · Cited by 17
Annual review of psychopathology
Magaro, P. A. (1991) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 16
DO DEPRESSED PATIENTS SHOW THOUGHT DISORDER?
Andreasen, N. C. (1976) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197609000-00006 · Cited by 16
TEMPERAMENTAL DIFFERENCES IN MAZE PERFORMANCE
Foulds, G. A. (1952) · British Journal of Psychology General Section · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1952.tb00324.x · Cited by 16
Wollert, R., & Buchwald, A. M. (1979) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-197904000-00007 · Cited by 15
The retention of automatically and effortfully encoded stimulus attributes
Ellis, N. R., & Rickard, T. C. (1989) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334609 · Cited by 15
Affect and Cognition in Learning Disabilities
Goldstein, D., & Dundon, W. D. (1986) · doi:10.4324/9781315060217.ch10 · Cited by 14
Effect of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Memory in Depressive Disorders
Zung, W. W. K., Rogers, J., & Krugman, A. D. (1968) · Recent Advances in Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-9072-5_13 · Cited by 13
Granick, S. (1963) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0048616 · Cited by 13
On mood variation and memory: Reply to Isen (1985), Ellis (1985), and Mayer and Bower (1985).
Hasher, L., Zacks, R. T., Rose, K. C., & Doren, B. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.114.3.404 · Cited by 12
Cooper, A., & Marshall, P. H. (1985) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422443 · Cited by 8
Perception of reinforcement and psychomotor retardation in depressed patients
Weckowicz, T., Tam, C., Bay, K., Collier, G., & Beelen, L. (1981) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0081160 · Cited by 6
Cognitive changes and the averaged evoked response in depression
Rey, A. C., Savard, R. J., Silber, E., et al. (1979) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/bf01185966 · Cited by 5
Effects of Depression upon Reading: A Case for Distinguishing Effortful from Automatic Processes
Henderson, J. G. (1987) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1987.64.1.191 · Cited by 5
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305 · Cited by 2,420
Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review
Siegert, R. J. (2005) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.054635 · Cited by 718
Rethinking the Role of Positive Affect in Self-Regulation
Aspinwall, L. G. (1998) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1023/a:1023080224401 · Cited by 601
Emotion and Rationality: A Critical Review and Interpretation of Empirical Evidence
Pham, M. T. (2007) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.11.2.155 · Cited by 552
The bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems.
Andrews, P. W., & Thomson, J. A. (2009) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0016242 · Cited by 549
Metadata
- Authors
- Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 247-278
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2080588816
- Cited by
- 523
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 17.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- depression, automatic processing, effortful processing, attentional resources, cognitive interference, stimulus valence, negative automatic thoughts, depression proneness, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Depressive Disorder, Physical Exertion, Humans, Mental Processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
