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Automatic and effortful processing in depression.
Abstract
Automatic processes require few attentional resources, but effortful processes use attentional capacity. Research on cognitive processing by depressed individuals is reviewed and the following is concluded: (a) Depression interferes with effortful processing. The degree of interference is determined by the degree of effortfulness of the task, the severity of depression, and the valence of the stimulus material to be processed. (b) Depression interferes only minimally with automatic processes. Hypothetical causal mechanisms for interference in effortful processes by depression, whether interference in effortful processing is unique to depression or characteristic of psychopathology in general, and whether negative automatic thoughts are associated with current depression or depression proneness are also addressed. The effortful-automatic perspective has implications for understanding depressive clinical features, treating depression, and conducting future research.
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“Cognitive deficits associated with depression are typically evident during tasks that require effortful, rather than automatic, processing (Hartlage et al. 1993).”
From Executive Function Deficits in Daily Life Prospectively Predict Increases in Depressive Symptoms (2014) · cites this paper as Hartlage et al. 1993
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hartlage, S., Alloy, L. B., Vázquez, C., & Dykman, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 247-278
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2080588816
- Cited by
- 523
- References
- 240
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 17.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- depression, automatic processing, effortful processing, attentional resources, cognitive interference, stimulus valence, negative automatic thoughts, depression proneness, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Depressive Disorder, Physical Exertion, Humans, Mental Processes
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