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Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning

Bouton, Mark E.·1993·Psychological Bulletin

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Abstract

In this article I review research and theory on the "interference paradigms" in Pavlovian learning. In these situations (e.g., extinction, counterconditioning, and latent inhibition), a conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with different unconditioned stimuli (USs) or outcomes in different phases of the experiment; retroactive interference, proactive interference, or both are often observed. In all of the paradigms, contextual stimuli influence performance, and when information is available, so does the passage of time. Memories of both phases are retained, and performance may depend on which is retrieved. Despite the similarity of the paradigms, conditioning theories tend to explain them with separate mechanisms. They also do not provide an adequate account of the context's role, fail to predict the effects of time, and overemphasize the role of learning or storage deficits. By accepting 4 propositions about animal memory (i.e., contextual stimuli guide retrieval, time is a context, different memories are differentially dependent on context, and interference occurs at performance output), a memory retrieval framework can provide an integrated account of context, time, and performance in the various paradigms.

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Authors: Bouton, M. E.
Affiliations: University of Vermont (US)
Corresponding author: Bouton, Mark E.
ORCID: Bouton, Mark E.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1993
Volume: 114
Issue: 1
Pages: 80-99
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.114.1.80
OpenAlex: W1984624029
Cited by: 1,896
References: 188
Citations by year: 2026: 34 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 84
FWCI: 8.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: Pavlovian learning, interference paradigm, retroactive interference, proactive interference, extinction, counterconditioning, latent inhibition, contextual cues, memory retrieval, time effects, animal memory, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus
MeSH terms: Animals, Association Learning, Attention, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Reversal Learning

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Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning

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