The DOI matches its Crossref record; 188 of the 188 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Context, time, and memory retrieval in the interference paradigms of Pavlovian learning
Abstract
In this article I review research and theory on the "interference paradigms" in Pavlovian learning. In these situations (e.g., extinction, counterconditioning, and latent inhibition), a conditioned stimulus (CS) is associated with different unconditioned stimuli (USs) or outcomes in different phases of the experiment; retroactive interference, proactive interference, or both are often observed. In all of the paradigms, contextual stimuli influence performance, and when information is available, so does the passage of time. Memories of both phases are retained, and performance may depend on which is retrieved. Despite the similarity of the paradigms, conditioning theories tend to explain them with separate mechanisms. They also do not provide an adequate account of the context's role, fail to predict the effects of time, and overemphasize the role of learning or storage deficits. By accepting 4 propositions about animal memory (i.e., contextual stimuli guide retrieval, time is a context, different memories are differentially dependent on context, and interference occurs at performance output), a memory retrieval framework can provide an integrated account of context, time, and performance in the various paradigms.
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In the citing paper
“the original fear learning remains intact, but new inhibitory associations between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and the unconditioned stimulus (US) are formed and strengthened (Bouton, 1993)”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993
In the citing paper
“Variability in the exposure context has important implications for the return of fear (Bouton, 1993).”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993
In the citing paper
“When exposure occurs under conditions that are constrained and predictable, learning tends to be contextualized.”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993
In the citing paper
“We and others have shown that extinction weakens instrumental responding, but does not erase the original learning. Instead, extinction involves a form of context-specific inhibition (rather than unlearning) of the response”
From Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993
In the citing paper
“For example, we have performed many studies of the renewal effect: If the context is changed after extinction has been learned, the original response can return.”
From Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993
In the citing paper
“Crucially, the activation of S-R is context-dependent, either because the context itself provides the S associated with R, or because (as we have seen in other retroactive interference paradigms) the context controls the second thing learned (e.g., Bouton, 1993; Nelson, 2002).”
From Context, attention, and the switch between habit and goal-direction in behavior (2021) · cites this paper as Bouton, 1993
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bouton, M. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Vermont (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bouton, Mark E.
- ORCID
- Bouton, Mark E.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 80-99
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W1984624029
- Cited by
- 1,896
- References
- 188
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 65 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 61 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 82 · 2013: 83 · 2012: 84
- FWCI
- 8.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- Pavlovian learning, interference paradigm, retroactive interference, proactive interference, extinction, counterconditioning, latent inhibition, contextual cues, memory retrieval, time effects, animal memory, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned stimulus
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Attention, Conditioning, Classical, Discrimination Learning, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Reversal Learning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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