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Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research
Abstract
Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.
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“As Nummenmaa and colleagues (2006) note, reflexive saccades typical of purely exogenous capture (e.g., resulting from the sudden onset of a stimulus with a sharply contrasting basic feature) have a latency of 150 to 175 ms (Rayner, 1998).”
From Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: a meta-analytic review and synthesis (2012) · cites this paper as Rayner, 1998
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rayner, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rayner, Keith
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 372-422
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2013112874
- Cited by
- 7,979
- References
- 745
- Citations by year
- 2026: 395 · 2025: 428 · 2024: 351 · 2023: 354 · 2022: 420 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 433 · 2019: 466 · 2018: 426 · 2017: 343 · 2016: 445 · 2015: 384 · 2014: 437 · 2013: 415 · 2012: 389
- FWCI
- 63.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k05mh001255-05)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01255)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD26765, R01HD017246, HD-17246)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- eye movements, reading, perceptual span, saccades, oculomotor control, individual differences, dyslexia, music reading, typing, visual search, scene perception, cognitive processes
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Mental Processes, Reading, Saccades
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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