Cited by 7,979Reading and Literacy DevelopmentGaze Tracking and Assistive TechnologyVisual Attention and Saliency Detection

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 741 of the 745 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research

Rayner, Keith·1998·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Recent studies of eye movements in reading and other information processing tasks, such as music reading, typing, visual search, and scene perception, are reviewed. The major emphasis of the review is on reading as a specific example of cognitive processing. Basic topics discussed with respect to reading are (a) the characteristics of eye movements, (b) the perceptual span, (c) integration of information across saccades, (d) eye movement control, and (e) individual differences (including dyslexia). Similar topics are discussed with respect to the other tasks examined. The basic theme of the review is that eye movement data reflect moment-to-moment cognitive processes in the various tasks examined. Theoretical and practical considerations concerning the use of eye movement data are also discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372

Cites

741 of 741 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. B
Press, H. (1886) · Cited by 10,087
Orienting of Attention
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670 · cited 2×
“Although we can easily decouple the locus of attention and eye location in simple discrimination tasks (Posner, 1980), in complex information processing tasks such as reading, the link between the two is probably quite tight.”
Background
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory
Bourne, L. E. (1977) · Cited by 4,328
A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension.
Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.87.4.329 · Cited by 3,904
The Neurology of Eye Movements
Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199969289.001.0001 · Cited by 3,829
Eye Movements and Vision
IARBUS, A. L. (1967) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,319
Integration of Visual and Linguistic Information in Spoken Language Comprehension
Tanenhaus, M. K., Spivey-Knowlton, M. J., Eberhard, K. M., & Sedivy, J. C. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7777863 · Cited by 2,929
Saccade target selection and object recognition: evidence for a common attentional mechanism.
Deubel, H., & Schneider, W. (1996) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00294-4 · Cited by 2,108
Handbook of psycholinguistics. Ed. by Morton Ann Gernsbacher. New York: Academic Press, 1994, Pp. 1174.
Cairns, H. S. (1996) · Language · doi:10.2307/416113 · Cited by 1,935
Making and correcting errors during sentence comprehension: Eye movements in the analysis of structurally ambiguous sentences
Frazier, L., & Rayner, K. (1982) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(82)90008-1 · Cited by 1,793

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 745 references

4 of the 745 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Items 701–800 of 1,020

Using Eye Movements to Investigate Word Frequency Effects in Children's Sentence Reading
Joseph, H. S. S. L., Nation, K., & Liversedge, S. P. (2013) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2013.12087485 · Cited by 109
Tracking the evil eye: Trait anger and selective attention within ambiguously hostile scenes
Wilkowski, B. M., Robinson, M. D., Gordon, R. D., & Troop‐Gordon, W. (2006) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.07.003 · Cited by 105
Study of the attentive behavior of novice and expert map users using eye tracking
Ooms, K., Maeyer, P. D., & Fack, V. (2013) · Cartography and Geographic Information Science · doi:10.1080/15230406.2013.860255 · Cited by 105
How distinct are intuition and deliberation? An eye-tracking analysis of instruction-induced decision modesPreprint
Horstmann, N. D., Ahlgrimm, A., & Glöckner, A. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 108
An eye movement analysis of highlighting and graphic organizer study aids for learning from expository text
Ponce, H. R., & Mayer, R. E. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.010 · Cited by 108
Comparing reading processes on e-ink displays and print
Siegenthaler, E., Wurtz, P., Bergamin, P. B., & Groner, R. (2011) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2011.05.005 · Cited by 104
Parsing with focus particles in context: Eye movements during the processing of relative clause ambiguities☆
Filik, R., Paterson, K. B., & Liversedge, S. P. (2005) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2005.07.004 · Cited by 104
Interword spacing and landing position effects during Chinese reading in children and adults.
Zang, C., Liang, F., Bai, X., Yan, G., & Liversedge, S. P. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0030097 · Cited by 104
Effect of stimulus contrast on performance and eye movements in visual search
Näsänen, R., Ojanpää, H., & Kojo, I. (2001) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(01)00056-6 · Cited by 104
Misdirection in magic: Implications for the relationship between eye gaze and attention
Kuhn, G., Tatler, B. W., Findlay, J. M., & Cole, G. G. (2008) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280701479750 · Cited by 113
Effects of search interface and Internet-specific epistemic beliefs on source evaluations during Web search for medical information: an eye-tracking study
Kammerer, Y., & Gerjets, P. H. (2011) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2011.599040 · Cited by 103
Use of Speaker's Gaze and Syntax in Verb Learning
Nappa, R., Wessel, A., McEldoon, K. L., Gleitman, L. R., & Trueswell, J. C. (2009) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475440903167528 · Cited by 103
Developmental changes in the visual span for reading
Kwon, M., Legge, G. E., & Dubbels, B. R. (2007) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.08.002 · Cited by 103
Processing discourse roles in scripted narratives: The influences of context and world knowledge
Cook, A. E., & Myers, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2003.11.003 · Cited by 103
Visual search: The role of peripheral information measured using gaze-contingent displays
Geisler, W. S., Perry, J. S., & Najemnik, J. (2006) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/6.9.1 · Cited by 103
Neurophysiological constraints on the eye-mind link
Reichle, E. D., & Reingold, E. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00361 · Cited by 103
How do children deal with inconsistencies in text? An eye fixation and self-paced reading study in good and poor reading comprehenders
van der Schoot, M., Reijntjes, A. H. A., & Lieshout, E. C. D. M. V. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9337-4 · Cited by 102
The role and importance of lower-level processes in second language reading
Nassaji, H. (2013) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444813000396 · Cited by 122
Applying computational tools to predict gaze direction in interactive visual environments
Peters, R. J., & Itti, L. (2008) · ACM Transactions on Applied Perception · doi:10.1145/1279920.1279923 · Cited by 102
Exploring Relationships Between Eye Tracking and Traditional Usability Testing Data
Wang, J., Antonenko, P., Celepkolu, M., Jimenez, Y., Fieldman, E., & Fieldman, A. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1464776 · Cited by 102
An exploration of the use of eye‐gaze tracking to study problem‐solving on standardized science assessments
Tai, R. H., Loehr, J. F., & Brigham, F. J. (2006) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/17437270600891614 · Cited by 102
Analogies and Mental Simulations in Learning for Really New Products: The Role of Visual Attention
Feiereisen, S., Wong, V., & Broderick, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Product Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2008.00324.x · Cited by 101
Application of eye-tracking in drivers testing: A review of research
Kapitaniak, B., Walczak, M., Kosobudzki, M., Jóźwiak, Z., & Bortkiewicz, A. (2015) · International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health · doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00317 · Cited by 101
User Activity Patterns During Information Search
Cole, M., Hendahewa, C., Belkin, N. J., & Shah, C. S. (2015) · ACM Transactions on Information Systems · doi:10.1145/2699656 · Cited by 101
Eye movements and parafoveal processing during reading in Korean
Kim, Y.-S., Radach, R. R., & Vorstius, C. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9349-0 · Cited by 101
Gazing and frowning as a new human--computer interaction technique
Surakka, V., Illi, M., & Isokoski, P. (2004) · ACM Transactions on Applied Perception · doi:10.1145/1008722.1008726 · Cited by 107
Style follows content: On the microgenesis of art perception
Augustin, M., Leder, H., Hutzler, F., & Carbon, C. (2008) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2007.11.006 · Cited by 101
Stimulus exposure and gaze bias: A further test of the gaze cascade model
Glaholt, M. G., & Reingold, E. M. (2009) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.71.3.445 · Cited by 111
Predictors of nutrition label viewing during food purchase decision making: an eye tracking investigation
Graham, D. J., & Jeffery, R. W. (2011) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980011001303 · Cited by 99
Effects of context on eye movements when reading about possible and impossible events.
Warren, T. C., McConnell, K., & Rayner, K. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.34.4.1001 · Cited by 103
Perceptual automaticity in expert chess players: Parallel encoding of chess relations
Reingold, E. M., Charness, N. H., Schultetus, R. S., & Stampe, D. M. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196185 · Cited by 99
Left cortical specialization for visual letter strings predicts rudimentary knowledge of letter-sound association in preschoolers
Lochy, A., Reybroeck, M. V., & Rossion, B. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1520366113 · Cited by 97
An analysis of process-tracing research on consumer decision-making
Zuschke, N. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.01.028 · Cited by 120
About the role of visual field defects in pure alexia
Pflugshaupt, T., Gutbrod, K., Wurtz, P., von Wartburg, R., Nyffeler, T., de Haan, B., Karnath, H., & Müri, R. M. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp141 · Cited by 98
Visual Memory for Objects in Natural Scenes: From Fixations to Object Files
Tatler, B. W., Gilchrist, I. D., & Land, M. F. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A · doi:10.1080/02724980443000430 · Cited by 100
Parafoveal Magnification
Miellet, S., O'Donnell, P. J., & Sereno, S. C. (2009) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02364.x · Cited by 100
Distractor Ratio Influences Patterns of Eye Movements during Visual Search
Shen, J., Reingold, E. M., & Pomplun, M. (2000) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p2933 · Cited by 100
Skim reading by satisficing
Duggan, G. B., & Payne, S. J. (2011) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/1978942.1979114 · Cited by 100
Shorter Lines Facilitate Reading in Those Who Struggle
Schneps, M. H., Thomson, J., Sonnert, G., Pomplun, M., Chen, C., & Heffner-Wong, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071161 · Cited by 103
Looking for Cancer: Expertise Related Differences in Searching and Decision Making
Donovan, T., & Litchfield, D. (2012) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2869 · Cited by 99
The eyes of creativity: Impact of social comparison and individual creativity on performance and attention to others’ ideas during electronic brainstorming
Michinov, N., Jamet, É., Métayer, N., & Hénaff, B. L. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.037 · Cited by 98
Dual Attention Guided Gaze Target Detection in the Wild
Fang, Y., Tang, J., Wang, S., Shen, W., Gu, X., Song, L., & Zhai, G. (2021) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.01123 · Cited by 106
Time averaging and emerging nonergodicity upon resetting of fractional Brownian motion and heterogeneous diffusion processes
Wang, W., Cherstvy, A. G., Kantz, H., Metzler, R., & Sokolov, I. M. (2021) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.104.024105 · Cited by 99
Current advances in SWIFT
Richter, E. M., Engbert, R., & Kliegl, R. M. (2005) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003 · Cited by 99
Phonological coding during reading.
Leinenger, M. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037830 · Cited by 113
Words in Context: The Effects of Length, Frequency, and Predictability on Brain Responses During Natural Reading
Schuster, S., Hawelka, S., Hutzler, F., Kronbichler, M., & Richlan, F. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw184 · Cited by 107
Measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning: a comparison of different objective measures
Korbach, A., Brünken, R., & Park, B. (2017) · Instructional Science · doi:10.1007/s11251-017-9413-5 · Cited by 98
Stable individual differences in saccadic eye movements during reading, pseudoreading, scene viewing, and scene search.
Henderson, J. M., & Luke, S. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0036330 · Cited by 103
Do isolated packaging variables influence consumers' attention and preferences?
de Madariaga, J. G., López, M. F. B., Burgos, I. V. M., & Virto, N. R. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.030 · Cited by 98
Early morphological effects in reading: Evidence from parafoveal preview benefit in Hebrew
Deutsch, A., Frost, R., Pelleg, S., Pollatsek, A., & Rayner, K. (2003) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196500 · Cited by 93
Postural Stabilization of Visually Guided Eye Movements
Stoffregen, T. A., Bardy, B. G., Bonnet, C. T., & Pagulayan, R. J. (2006) · Ecological Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15326969eco1803_3 · Cited by 99
The effect of contextual constraint on parafoveal processing in reading
Schotter, E. R., Lee, M., Reiderman, M., & Rayner, K. (2015) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2015.04.005 · Cited by 97
Predicting the readability of short web summaries
Kanungo, T., & Orr, D. (2009) · ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) · doi:10.1145/1498759.1498827 · Cited by 96
Does preoccupation impair hazard perception? A simultaneous EEG and Eye Tracking study
Savage, S. W., Potter, D. D., & Tatler, B. W. (2012) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.10.002 · Cited by 97
Patients with hemianopic alexia adopt an inefficient eye movement strategy when reading text
McDonald, S. A., Spitsyna, G., Shillcock, R. C., Wise, R. J. S., & Leff, A. P. (2005) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh678 · Cited by 97
Eye movements and the perceptual span during first- and second-language sentence reading in bilingual older adults.
Whitford, V., & Titone, D. A. (2016) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/a0039971 · Cited by 97
The costs of supervised classification: The effect of learning task on conceptual flexibility.
Hoffman, A. B., & Rehder, B. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/a0019042 · Cited by 101
Evaluating cartographic design in flood risk mapping
Fuchs, S., Spachinger, K., Dorner, W., Rochman, J., & Serrhini, K. (2009) · Environmental Hazards · doi:10.3763/ehaz.2009.0007 · Cited by 97
Effects of Literacy in Early Visual and Occipitotemporal Areas of Chinese and French Readers
Szwed, M., Qiao, E., Jobert, A., Dehaene, S., & Cohen, L. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00499 · Cited by 98
Spatial asymmetries in viewing and remembering scenes: Consequences of an attentional bias?
Dickinson, C. A., & Intraub, H. (2009) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/app.71.6.1251 · Cited by 97
The Nose Tells it to the Eyes: Crossmodal Associations between Olfaction and Vision
Seigneuric, A., Durand, K., Jiang, T., Baudouin, J., & Schaal, B. (2010) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p6740 · Cited by 108
Eye Movements Do Not Reflect Retrieval Processes
Anderson, J. R., Bothell, D., & Douglass, S. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00656.x · Cited by 97
Gaze-contingent real-time simulation of arbitrary visual fields
Perry, J. S., & Geisler, W. S. (2002) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.469554 · Cited by 97
Defining eye-fixation sequences across individuals and tasks: the Binocular-Individual Threshold (BIT) algorithm
van der Lans, R., Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. G. M. (2010) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-010-0031-2 · Cited by 97
Visual Word Recognition
Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J.-M., & Cortese, M. J. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012369374-7/50010-9 · Cited by 101
Emotion effects during reading: Influence of an emotion target word on eye movements and processing
Knickerbocker, H., Johnson, R. L., & Altarriba, J. (2014) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2014.938023 · Cited by 96
Saccadic Inhibition in Reading.
Reingold, E. M., & Stampe, D. M. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.30.1.194 · Cited by 96
Advances in Relating Eye Movements and Cognition
Hayhoe, M. (2004) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0602_7 · Cited by 96
READING MATHEMATICS REPRESENTATIONS: AN EYE-TRACKING STUDY
Andrà, C., Lindström, P., Arzarello, F., Holmqvist, K., Robutti, O., & Sabena, C. (2013) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-013-9484-y · Cited by 96
Exploring differences of visual attention in pedestrian navigation when using 2D maps and 3D geo-browsers
Liao, H., Dong, W., Peng, C., & Liu, H. (2017) · Cartography and Geographic Information Science · doi:10.1080/15230406.2016.1174886 · Cited by 106
Word length and frequency effects on children’s eye movements during silent reading
Tiffin‐Richards, S. P., & Schroeder, S. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.05.008 · Cited by 97
Eye movements and brain electric potentials during reading
Kliegl, R. M., Dambacher, M., Dimigen, O., Jacobs, A. M., & Sommer, W. (2011) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-011-0376-x · Cited by 95
The role of working memory in the processing of reflexives
Cunnings, I., & Felser, C. (2011) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690965.2010.548391 · Cited by 95
Eye movements and parafoveal word processing in reading Chinese
Yen, M.-H., Tsai, J.-L., Tzeng, O. J. L., & Hung, D. L. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.5.1033 · Cited by 95
Multimodal recognition of reading activity in transit using body-worn sensors
Bulling, A., Ward, J. A., & Gellersen, H. W. (2012) · ACM Transactions on Applied Perception · doi:10.1145/2134203.2134205 · Cited by 92
Attentional processing of other’s facial display of pain: An eye tracking study
Vervoort, T., Trost, Z., Prkachin, K. M., & Mueller, S. C. (2013) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.017 · Cited by 95
Temporal dynamics of the eye–voice span and eye movement control during oral reading
Inhoff, A. W., Solomon, M., Radach, R. R., & Seymour, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2011.546782 · Cited by 95
Moderating effects of prior brand usage on visual attention to video advertising and recall: An eye-tracking investigation
Simmonds, L., Bellman, S., Kennedy, R., Nenycz‐Thiel, M., & Bogomolova, S. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.02.062 · Cited by 99
Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence of syntactic priming in sentence comprehension.
Tooley, K. M., Traxler, M. J., & Swaab, T. Y. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0013984 · Cited by 95
Eye movement correlates of younger and older adults’ strategies for complex addition
Green, H. J., Lemaire, P., & Dufau, S. (2006) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2006.08.001 · Cited by 95
Eye-Movement Analysis of Search Effectiveness
van der Lans, R., Pieters, R. G. M., & Wedel, M. (2008) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214507000000437 · Cited by 95
Mind wandering in sentence reading: Decoupling the link between mind and eye.
Foulsham, T., Farley, J., & Kingstone, A. F. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/a0030217 · Cited by 117
Foveated gaze-contingent displays for peripheral LOD management, 3D visualization, and stereo imaging
Duchowski, A. T., & Çöltekin, A. (2007) · ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing Communications and Applications · doi:10.1145/1314303.1314309 · Cited by 95
Effects of music tempo and task difficulty on multi-attribute decision-making: An eye-tracking approach
Day, R., Lin, C., Huang, W.-H., & Chuang, S.-H. (2008) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.08.001 · Cited by 95
The time course of plausibility effects on eye movements in reading: Evidence from noun-noun compounds.
Staub, A., Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., Hyönä, J., & Majewski, H. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.33.6.1162 · Cited by 95
Eye Movements and Processing Stages in Reading: Relative Contribution of Visual, Lexical, and Contextual Factors
Calvo, M. G., & Meseguer, E. (2002) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600005849 · Cited by 95
Improving carbon offsetting appeals in online airplane ticket purchasing: testing new messages, and using new test methods
Babakhani, N., Ritchie, B. W., & Dolničar, S. (2016) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1257013 · Cited by 98
Psycholinguistic Research Methods
Garrod, S. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-044854-2/04155-9 · Cited by 97
The efference cascade, consciousness, and its self: naturalizing the first person pivot of action control.
Merker, B. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00501 · Cited by 92
Colateralization of Broca’s area and the visual word form area in left-handers: fMRI evidence
der Haegen, L. V., Cai, Q., & Brysbaert, M. (2011) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2011.11.004 · Cited by 92
Effects of word predictability and preview lexicality on eye movements during reading: A comparison between young and older adults.
Choi, W., Lowder, M. W., Ferreira, F., Swaab, T. Y., & Henderson, J. M. (2017) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000160 · Cited by 95
Emotional text design in multimedia learning: A mixed-methods study using eye tracking
Stark, L., Brünken, R., & Park, B. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.02.003 · Cited by 99
ICTs and Speed Learning in Special Education: High-Consciousness Training Strategies for High-Capacity Learners through Metacognition Lens
Mitsea, E., Drigas, A. S., & Skianis, C. A. (2022) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v27i1.5599 · Cited by 110
ESL essay raters’ cognitive processes in applying the Jacobs et al. rubric: An eye-movement study
Winke, P. M., & Lim, H. (2015) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2015.05.002 · Cited by 94
A novel method for analyzing sequential eye movements reveals strategic influence on Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrices
Hayes, T. R., Petrov, A. A., & Sederberg, P. B. (2011) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/11.10.10 · Cited by 96
Preattentive guidance of eye movements during triple conjunction search tasks: The effects of feature discriminability and saccadic amplitude
Williams, D. E., & Reingold, E. M. (2001) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196182 · Cited by 94
Processing of unattended emotional visual scenes.
Calvo, M. G., & Nummenmaa, L. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.3.347 · Cited by 94
Using stroke removal to investigate Chinese character identification during reading: evidence from eye movements
Yan, G., Bai, X., Zang, C., Bian, Q., Cui, L., Qi, W., Rayner, K., & Liversedge, S. P. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9295-x · Cited by 93
Fixation patterns during recognition of personally familiar and unfamiliar faces
Belle, G. V. (2010) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2010.00020 · Cited by 93
The influence of text legibility on eye movements during reading
Slattery, T. J., & Rayner, K. (2009) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1623 · Cited by 93

Authors: Rayner, K.
Affiliations: University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
Corresponding author: Rayner, Keith
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-11
Volume: 124
Issue: 3
Pages: 372-422
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372
OpenAlex: W2013112874
Cited by: 7,979
References: 745
Citations by year: 2026: 395 · 2025: 428 · 2024: 351 · 2023: 354 · 2022: 420 · 2021: 394 · 2020: 433 · 2019: 466 · 2018: 426 · 2017: 343 · 2016: 445 · 2015: 384 · 2014: 437 · 2013: 415 · 2012: 389
FWCI: 63.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5k05mh001255-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 01255)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD26765, R01HD017246, HD-17246)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology
Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
Keywords: eye movements, reading, perceptual span, saccades, oculomotor control, individual differences, dyslexia, music reading, typing, visual search, scene perception, cognitive processes
MeSH terms: Cognition, Humans, Mental Processes, Reading, Saccades

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks