Cited by 546Cognitive Abilities and TestingNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesCognitive Functions and Memory

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence Are Strongly Related Constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005).

Kane, Michael J., Hambrick, David Z., Conway, Andrew R. A.·2005·Psychological Bulletin

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The authors agree with P. L. Ackerman, M. E. Beier, and M. O. Boyle (2005; see record 2004-22408-002) that working memory capacity (WMC) is not isomorphic with general fluid intelligence (Gf) or reasoning ability. However, the WMC and Gf/reasoning constructs are more strongly associated than Ackerman et al. (2005) indicate, particularly when considering the outcomes of latent-variable studies. The authors' reanalysis of 14 such data sets from 10 published studies, representing more than 3,100 young-adult subjects, suggests a strong correlation between WMC and Gf/reasoning factors (median r=.72), indicating that the WMC and Gf constructs share approximately 50% of their variance. This comment also clarifies the authors' "executive attention" view of WMC, it demonstrates that WMC has greater discriminant validity than Ackerman et al. (2005) implied, and it suggests some future directions and challenges for the scientific study of the convergence of WMC, attention control, and intelligence.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
Cowan, N. (2001) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x01003922 · Cited by 6,779
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(80)90312-6 · Cited by 6,336
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation
(2021) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(21)x0002-3 · Cited by 5,082
The Cognitive neurosciences
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.43-0626 · Cited by 4,726
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.128.3.309 · Cited by 3,078
Self-citation
Working Memory Capacity as Executive Attention
Engle, R. W. (2002) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00160 · Cited by 2,507
Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control
Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (1999) · Cited by 2,404
The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective
Kane, M. J., & Engle, R. W. (2002) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196323 · Cited by 2,229
Self-citation
Untitled work
(1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,882

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 40 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 546

Does process overlap theory replace the issues of general intelligence with the issues of attentional control?
Schubert, A., & Rey-Mermet, A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.06.004 · Cited by 17
Improving short-term and working memory: Methods of memory training
Clair‐Thompson, H. S. (2008) · Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34210533 · Cited by 17
Measuring Fluid Intelligence in Healthy Older Adults
Shakeel, M. K., & Goghari, V. M. (2017) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.1155/2017/8514582 · Cited by 17
Personality trait theory and multitasking performance: implications for ergonomic design
Guastello, A. D., Guastello, S. J., & Guastello, D. D. (2013) · Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science · doi:10.1080/1463922x.2012.762063 · Cited by 16
Exploring the Neuropsychological Antecedents of Transformational Leadership: the Role of Executive Function
Ramchandran, K., Colbert, A. E., Brown, K. G., Denburg, N. L., & Tranel, D. (2016) · Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology · doi:10.1007/s40750-016-0051-y · Cited by 20
Does fluid intelligence facilitate the learning of English as a foreign language?—A longitudinal latent growth curve analysis
Debatin, T., Harder, B., & Ziegler, A. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.01.009 · Cited by 19
The Fatalistic Decision Maker: Time Perspective, Working Memory, and Older Adults’ Decision-Making Competence
Rönnlund, M., Fabio Del Missier, A., Mäntylä, T., & Carelli, M. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02038 · Cited by 16
There may be nothing special about the association between working memory capacity and fluid intelligence
Gignac, G. E., & Watkins, M. W. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.06.006 · Cited by 16
The issue of power in the identification of “g” with lower-order factors
Matzke, D., Dolan, C. V., & Molenaar, D. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.02.001 · Cited by 16
The Grounded Expertise Components Approach in the Novel Area of Cryptic Crossword Solving
Friedlander, K. J., & Fine, P. A. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00567 · Cited by 16
Dual Process Theories: Computing Cognition in Context
Robins, A. V. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3487055 · Cited by 15
Investigating the effectiveness of working memory training in the context of Personality Systems Interaction theory
Urbánek, T., & Marček, V. (2015) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-015-0687-4 · Cited by 18
Changing relations among cognitive abilities across development: implications for measurement and research
Rizeq, J., Flora, D. B., & Toplak, M. E. (2017) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2017.1317034 · Cited by 15
Exploration of the Rate of Forgetting as a Domain-Specific Individual Differences Measure
Sense, F., Meijer, R. R., & van Rijn, H. (2018) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2018.00112 · Cited by 15
Binding Costs in Processing Efficiency as Determinants of Cognitive Ability
Goecke, B., Schmitz, F., & Wilhelm, O. (2021) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence9020018 · Cited by 15
The quadratic relationship between difficulty of intelligence test items and their correlations with working memory
Smoleń, T., & Chuderski, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01270 · Cited by 15
Working Memory and Intelligence: An Overview
Andrew R. A. Conway, B. N. M. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203094600-8 · Cited by 15
Fluid intelligence and working memory support dissociable aspects of learning by physical but not observational practice
Apšvalka, D., Cross, E. S., & Ramsey, R. (2019) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.015 · Cited by 16
Serial Recall Predicts Vocoded Sentence Recognition Across Spectral Resolutions
Bosen, A. K., & Barry, M. F. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00319 · Cited by 15
The relationships among working memory, state anxiety, and academic performance in Chinese undergraduates with SLD
Wang, L., Chung, K. K. H., & Jhuo, R.-A. (2024) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-024-10520-z · Cited by 18
I–O Psychology and Progressive Research Programs on Intelligence
Lang, J. W. B., & Bliese, P. D. (2012) · Industrial and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01423.x · Cited by 14
Inattention and task switching performance: the role of predictability, working memory load and goal neglect
Arabacı, G., & Parris, B. A. (2019) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-019-01214-1 · Cited by 17
Atypical development of social and nonsocial working memory capacity among preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders
Gong, L., Guo, D., Gao, Z., & Wei, K. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2853 · Cited by 15
Do High Working Memory Groups Perform Better?
Mojzisch, A., Krumm, S., & Schultze, T. (2014) · Journal of Personnel Psychology · doi:10.1027/1866-5888/a000111 · Cited by 15
Capacity, Control, or Both – Which Aspects of Working Memory Contribute to Children’s General Fluid Intelligence?
Nȩcka, E., & Lulewicz, A. (2016) · Polish Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1515/ppb-2016-0003 · Cited by 15
Executive functioning profiles and mathematical and reading achievement in Grades 2, 6, and 10
Carriedo, N., Rodríguez‐Villagra, O. A., Pérez, L., & Iglesias-Sarmiento, V. (2024) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2024.101353 · Cited by 18
Working Memory and Processing Speed mediate the effect of age on a General Ability Construct: Evidence from the Italian WAIS-IV standardization sample
Pezzuti, L., Lauriola, M., Borella, E., Béni, R. D., & Cornoldi, C. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.10.016 · Cited by 15
Correlation of the COMT Val158Met polymorphism with latitude and a hunter-gather lifestyle suggests culture–gene coevolution and selective pressure on cognition genes due to climate
Piffer, D. (2013) · Anthropological Science · doi:10.1537/ase.130731 · Cited by 13
Determinants and Dynamics of Business Aspirations: Evidence from Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in an Emerging Market
Dalton, P. S., Rüschenpöhler, J., & Zia, B. (2018) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8400 · Cited by 13
Comparing the Working Memory Capacity with Cognitive Flexibility, Cognitive Emotion Regulation, and Learning Styles of University Students: A Domain General View
GÜLER, K., & Aydın, A. (2022) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000526226 · Cited by 12
Fluid Intelligence Is (Much) More than Working Memory Capacity: An Experimental Analysis
Hagemann, D., Ihmels, M., Bast, N., Neubauer, A. B., Schankin, A., & Schubert, A. (2023) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence11040070 · Cited by 16
Longitudinal relations of executive functions to academic achievement and wellbeing in adolescence
Kitil, M. J., Diamond, A. D., Guhn, M., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1573107 · Cited by 12
From neural oscillations to reasoning ability: Simulating the effect of the theta-to-gamma cycle length ratio on individual scores in a figural analogy test
Chuderski, A., & Andrelczyk, K. (2015) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.01.001 · Cited by 12
Working Memory Capacity and ADHD Symptoms in Boys: Examining the Heterogeneity of Working Memory Functioning Using Latent Profile Analysis
Campez, M., Raiker, J. S., Sarver, D. E., Friedman, L. M., Orban, S. A., & Rapport, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09762-x · Cited by 12
Eye-tracking IQ: Cognitive capacity and strategy use on a ratio-bias task
Thompson, V. A. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104523 · Cited by 12
Toward a revised theory of general intelligence: Further examination of fluid cognitive abilities as unique aspects of human cognition
Blair, C. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06419038 · Cited by 13
Because difficulty is not the same for everyone: the impact of complexity in working memory is associated with cannabinoid 1 receptor genetic variation in young adults
Ruiz‐Contreras, A. E., Román-López, T. V., Caballero-Sánchez, U., Rosas-Escobar, C. B., Ortega-Mora, E. I., Barrera-Tlapa, M. A., Romero‐Hidalgo, S., Carrillo‐Sánchez, K., Hernández-Morales, S., Vadillo‐Ortega, F., et al. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1172642 · Cited by 12
A Financial Stability Model for Iraqi Companies
Ibrahim, N. A., Salehi, M., Al-Refiay, H. A. N., & Dashtbayaz, M. L. (2024) · Risks · doi:10.3390/risks12090140 · Cited by 11
What makes working memory work? A multifaceted account of the predictive power of working memory capacity.
Robison, M. K., Miller, A. L., Wiemers, E. A., Ellis, D. M., Nash Unsworth, A., Redick, T. S., & Brewer, G. A. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0001629 · Cited by 12
The Nature of the General Factor of Intelligence
Conway, A. R. A., & Kovacs, K. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316817049.005 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Working Memory and Intelligence: A Brief Review
Chooi, W.-T. (2012) · Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology · doi:10.5539/jedp.v2n2p42 · Cited by 18
Examining the Roles of Reasoning and Working Memory in Predicting Casual Game Performance across Extended Gameplay
Kranz, M. B., Baniqued, P. L., Voss, M. W., Lee, H., & Kramer, A. F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00203 · Cited by 11
Changes in Working Memory Performance Over an Academic Semester in Student Pharmacists
Omary, A., & Persky, A. M. (2019) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe7325 · Cited by 11
The neural–vascular basis of age‐related processing speed decline
Zhao, Y., Liu, P., Turner, M. P., Abdelkarim, D., Lu, H., & Bart Rypma, A. (2021) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13845 · Cited by 11
Season-independent cognitive deficits in seasonal affective disorder and their relation to depressive symptoms
Hjordt, L. V., Stenbæk, D. S., Ozenne, B., Mahon, B. M., Hageman, I., Hasselbalch, S. G., & Knudsen, G. M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.056 · Cited by 11
Indice d’aptitude général et indice de compétence cognitive pour le WISC-IV : normes empiriques versus normes statistiques
Lecerf, T., Reverte, I., Coleaux, L., Maillard, F., Favez, N., & Rossier, J. (2011) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2011.01.001 · Cited by 10
Working memory and fluid intelligence as predictors of work engagement—Testing preliminary models
Kulikowski, K., & Orzechowski, J. (2018) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3500 · Cited by 12
Continuous time models support the reciprocal relations between academic achievement and fluid intelligence over the course of a school year
Saß, S., Schütte, K., Kampa, N., & Köller, O. (2021) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2021.101560 · Cited by 10
Working memory load affects intelligence test performance by reducing the strength of relational item bindings and impairing the filtering of irrelevant information
Schubert, A., Löffler, C., Sadus, K., Göttmann, J., Hein, J., Schröer, P., Teuber, A., & Hagemann, D. (2023) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105438 · Cited by 10
Evidence for separate backward recall and n -back working memory factors: a large-scale latent variable analysis
Byrne, E. M., Gilbert, R. A., Kievit, R., & Holmes, J. (2024) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2024.2393388 · Cited by 12
The validity of “conceptual span” as a measure of working memory capacity
Kane, M. J., & Miyake, T. M. (2007) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193484 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Relation Between Working Memory Capacity of Biological Movements and Fluid Intelligence
Tian, Y., Li, P., Zhang, Q., Gu, Q., Lu, X., Gao, Z., & Shen, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02313 · Cited by 10
Placekeeping Ability as a Component of Fluid Intelligence: Not Just Working Memory Capacity
Burgoyne, A. P., Hambrick, D. Z., & Altmann, E. M. (2019) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.132.4.0439 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Do Attentional Lapses Account for the Worst Performance Rule?
Löffler, C., Frischkorn, G. T., Rummel, J., Hagemann, D., & Schubert, A.-L. (2021) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10010002 · Cited by 9
Strategy and Core Cognitive Training Effects on Working Memory Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Izhak, S. B., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2023) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2023.2172413 · Cited by 11
Asymmetric negative transfer effects of working memory training
Ni, N., Gathercole, S. E., Norris, D. G., & Saito, S. (2023) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-023-01412-8 · Cited by 12
COVID-19 stress and cognitive failures in daily life: A multilevel examination of within- and between-persons patterns
Majeed, N. M., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., Li, M. Y., Chia, J. L., Lua, V. Y. Q., & Hartanto, A. (2023) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909231208119 · Cited by 9
The potential of video feedback interventions to improve parent-child interaction skills in parents with intellectual disability
Hamby, C. M., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Fisher, P. A. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104395 · Cited by 11
How Executive Processes Explain the Overlap between Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: A Test of Process Overlap Theory
Wang, T., Li, C., Ren, X., & SCHWEIZER, K. W. (2021) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence9020021 · Cited by 10
Development of children's informal understanding of division through sharing: Contributions of reasoning demands and problem situations
Ching, B. H., & Kong, K. H. C. (2022) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.12.013 · Cited by 9
Attentional enhancement predicts individual differences in visual working memory under go/no-go search conditions
Tay, D., & McDonald, J. J. (2022) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3001917 · Cited by 9
Clarifying process versus structure in human intelligence: Stop talking about fluid and crystallized
Johnson, W., & Gottesman, I. I. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x06329032 · Cited by 9
Catastrophe Models for Cognitive Workload and Fatigue
Guastello, S. J. (2014) · Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting · doi:10.1177/1541931214581190 · Cited by 9
Why People Fail on the Fluid Intelligence Tests
Chuderski, A. (2015) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000164 · Cited by 9
Practice makes imperfect: Working memory training can harm recognition memory performance
Matzen, L. E., Trumbo, M., Haass, M. J., Hunter, M. A., Silva, A., Stevens-Adams, S. M., Bunting, M. F., & O’Rourke, P. (2016) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-016-0629-4 · Cited by 9
The Impact of Symmetry: Explaining Contradictory Results Concerning Working Memory, Reasoning, and Complex Problem Solving
Zech, A., Bühner, M., Kröner, S., Heene, M., & Hilbert, S. (2017) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence5020022 · Cited by 9
Mindfulness: An Antidote for Wandering Minds
Mrazek, M. D., Broadway, J. M., Phillips, D. T., Franklin, M. S., Mooneyham, B. W., & Schooler, J. W. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118294895.ch8 · Cited by 10
Mechanisms of Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence and Their Common Dependence on Executive Attention
Shipstead, Z., & Engle, R. W. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316817049.019 · Cited by 8
Examining the effects of frustration on working memory capacity
Fillauer, J. P., Bolden, J., Jacobson, M. H. S., Partlow, B. H., Benavides, A., & Shultz, J. N. (2019) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.3587 · Cited by 11
Digital natives and dual task: Handling it but not immune against cognitive-locomotor interferences
Dierick, F., Buisseret, F., Mathieu, R., & Luta, A. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232328 · Cited by 9
Theoretical and Clinical Foundations of the WISC-V Index Scores
Weiss, L. G., Holdnack, J. A., Saklofske, D. H., & Prifitera, A. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-404697-9.00004-2 · Cited by 8
Does working memory training enhance intelligence?
Tsubomi, H., Saito, S., Osaka, M., & Osaka, N. (2019) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.90.18402 · Cited by 8
Measuring working memory in the spanish population: Validation of a multiple shortened complex span task.
Félez-Nóbrega, M., Foster, J. L., Puig-Ribera, A. M., Draheim, C., & Hillman, C. H. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000484 · Cited by 8
Short-Term Storage and Executive Working Memory Processing Predict Fluid Intelligence in Primary School Children
Aeschlimann, E. A., Voelke, A. E., & Roebers, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence5020017 · Cited by 8
Beyond Working Memory Capacity: Attention Control as the Underlying Mechanism of Cognitive Abilities
Lee, Y., & Engle, R. (2026) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence14020022 · Cited by 8
Brain working memory network indices as landmarks of intelligence
Khodaei, M., Laurienti, P. J., Dagenbach, D., & Simpson, S. L. (2023) · Neuroimage Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2023.100165 · Cited by 8
Exploring Estimation Procedures for Reducing Dimensionality in Psychological Network Modeling
Shi, D.-J., Christensen, A., Day, E. A., Golino, H., & Garrido, L. E. (2024) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2024.2395941 · Cited by 3
Do complex span and content-embedded working memory tasks predict unique variance in inductive reasoning?
Zamary, A., Rawson, K. A., & Was, C. A. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1104-x · Cited by 7
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: An event‐related potential study of working memory
Arjona, A., Gómez, C. M., Rodríguez‐Martínez, E. I., Barriga-Paulino, C. I., Gómez‐González, J., & Diaz‐Sánchez, J. A. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14767 · Cited by 10
The unique contributions of the facilitation of procedural memory and working memory to individual differences in intelligence
Was, C. A., Dunlosky, J. T., Bailey, H. R., & Rawson, K. A. (2012) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.12.016 · Cited by 7
Receptive multilingualism across the lifespan
Vanhove, J. (2014) · Cited by 7
The effects of dual n-back training on the components of working memory and fluid intelligence: An individual differences approach
Clouter, A. (2013) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · Cited by 7
Working Memory Capacity and Individual Differences in Higher-Level Cognition
Orzechowski, J. (2010) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1210-7_21 · Cited by 9
How holistic processing of faces relates to cognitive control and intelligence
Gauthier, L., Chua, K.-W., & Richler, J. J. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-1518-7 · Cited by 7
3D Multiple Object Tracking or Adaptive Dual n-back Training Boosts Simple Verbal Working Memory Span but Not Multitasking Performance in Military Participants
Vartanian, O. A., Stokes-Hendriks, T. L., King, K. A., Rice, E. J., & Forbes, S. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00201-4 · Cited by 9
The Potential of a Relational Training Intervention to Improve Older Adults’ Cognition
Kelly, M. E. (2020) · Behavior Analysis in Practice · doi:10.1007/s40617-020-00415-0 · Cited by 4
Fluid Cognitive Abilities and General Intelligence
Blair, C. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470880166.hlsd001008 · Cited by 7
A verbális fluencia és a munkamemória életkori változásai és szerepük az iskolai teljesítményben
Tánczos, T. (2014) · SZTE Repository of Dissertations (University of Szeged) · doi:10.14232/phd.2197 · Cited by 8
Why Does Working Memory Span Predict Complex Cognition? Testing the Strategy-Affordance Hypothesis
Roth, H. R., Dunlosky, J. T., & Kane, M. J. (2008) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e617962012-035 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
The mind that wanders: Challenges and potential benefits of mind wandering in educationPreprint
Pachai, A. A., Acai, A., LoGiudice, A. B., & Kim, J. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/5u987 · Cited by 7
The cognitive underpinnings of irony comprehension: Fluid intelligence but not working memory modulates processing
Kyriacou, M., & Köder, F. (2024) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716424000444 · Cited by 6
Effect of Working Memory Training on Learning Ability of High School Students
Oka, M., Muta, J., Sato, K., Ikuta, E., & Iramina, K. (2021) · Biomedical Engineering International Conference · doi:10.1109/bmeicon53485.2021.9745247 · Cited by 6
The effect of the Bilateral Integration exercise program on the cognitive functioning of pupils with moderate intellectual disabilities
Koper, M., Lewandowska, M., & Rękosiewicz, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1409061 · Cited by 6
Examining an Alternative Scoring Procedure for a Clinical Working Memory Measure
Weitzner, D. S., Calamia, M. R., Hill, B. D., & Elliott, E. M. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211032270 · Cited by 6
Taking a Closer Look: The Relationship between Pre-School Domain General Cognition and School Mathematics Achievement When Controlling for Intelligence
Ehlert, A., Poltz, N., Quandte, S., Kohn, J., Kucian, K., von Aster, M., & Esser, G. (2022) · Journal of Intelligence · doi:10.3390/jintelligence10030070 · Cited by 6
Historical, Methodological, and Philosophical Analysis of the Working Memory Construct
Byrnes, J. P., & Miller‐Cotto, D. (2023) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.136.2.08 · Cited by 7
Driving factors of individual differences in broad retrieval ability: Gr is more than the sum of its parts.
Goecke, B., Weiss, S., & Wilhelm, O. (2024) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001336 · Cited by 7
Representing sounds and spellings: Phonological decline and compensatory working memory in acquired hearing impairment
Classon, E. (2013) · Linköping University Electronic Press eBooks · doi:10.3384/diss.diva-99786 · Cited by 6
Intégration relationnelle en mémoire de travail et intelligence fluide chez l’enfant
Perret, P., Dauvier, B., Bailleux, C., & Thomachot, L. (2013) · L’Année psychologique · doi:10.4074/s0003503313002030 · Cited by 7
Targeting the Three Stages of Retrieval from Secondary Memory in a Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Working Memory Training Study
Ralph, K. J., Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Sztybel, P., Pauszek, J. R., Miller, R. W., & Litzow, E. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0043-2 · Cited by 6

Authors: Kane, M. J., Hambrick, D. Z., & Conway, A. R. A.
Affiliations: University of North Carolina at Greensboro (US)
Michigan State University (US)
University of Illinois Chicago (US)
ORCID: Kane, Michael J.
Hambrick, David Z.
Conway, Andrew R. A.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2005-01
Volume: 131
Issue: 1
Pages: 66-71
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.66
OpenAlex: W2021304061
Cited by: 545
References: 40
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 26
FWCI: 24.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Keywords: working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, general intelligence, reasoning skills, latent variable analysis, construct validity, discriminant validity, executive attention, attentional control
MeSH terms: Humans, Intelligence, Memory

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence Are Strongly Related Constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005).

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks