Cited by 452Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 296 of the 298 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Halperin, Jeffrey M., Schulz, Kurt P.·2006·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.560

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Most neural models for the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have centered on the prefrontal cortex and its interconnections with the striatum and other subcortical structures. However, research only partially supports these models, and they do not correspond with the development of the prefrontal cortex and its interrelated neurocircuitry. The neural and functional development of the prefrontal cortex more closely parallels recovery from ADHD as indicated by the developmental remission of symptomatology. The authors hypothesize that ADHD is due to noncortical dysfunction that manifests early in ontogeny, remains static throughout the lifetime, and is not associated with the remission of symptomatology. Data supporting this neurodevelopmental model of prefrontal cortex function in ADHD are reviewed. Research and treatment implications are discussed.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.560

Cites

296 of 296 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Orienting of Attention
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670
The attention system of the human brain
Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. (1990) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.13.030190.000325 · Cited by 8,070
Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning, automatic attending, and a general theory
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902
Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0402680101 · Cited by 5,604
Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study
Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A., Paus, T., Evans, A. C., & Rapoport, J. L. (1999) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/13158 · Cited by 5,552
EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF MONOAMINE-CONTAINING NEURONS IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. I. DEMONSTRATION OF MONOAMINES IN THE CELL BODIES OF BRAIN STEM NEURONS.
Dahlstroem, A., & Fuxé, K. (1964) · PubMed · Cited by 5,133

Show all 298 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65 · DOI · Paper page
10.1017/S0021963098003059 · DOI
10.1017/S0021963001006709 · DOI · Paper page
Newcorn, 2000, Comorbidity of attention deficit disorders with oppositionality and aggression., 171
10.1017/S0021963001006898 · DOI · Paper page
10.1017/S0021963001007430 · DOI · Paper page
Volpe, 1995, Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: Neuropathology and pathogenisis., 279
Weiss, 1986, Hyperactive children grow up.

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 452

The Limbic System in Children and Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Longitudinal Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis
Connaughton, M., O’Hanlon, E., Silk, T. J., Paterson, J., O’Neill, A., Anderson, V. A., Whelan, R., & McGrath, J. (2023) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2023.10.005 · Cited by 30
Neuropsychological functioning in children with ADHD : Symptom persistence is linked to poorer performance on measures of executive and nonexecutive function
Robinson, T. P., & Tripp, G. (2013) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12005 · Cited by 24
The Course of Neurocognitive Functioning and Prediction of Behavioral Outcome of ADHD Affected and Unaffected Siblings
van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Schweren, L., Twisk, J. W. R., Faraone, S. V., Heslenfeld, D. J., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., et al. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0449-z · Cited by 27
“An extension is postulated by Halperin and Schulz (2006), who specifically focused on longitudinal aspects and differentiated between different types of neurocognitive functions.”
BackgroundInfluential
Selective attention and inhibitory deficits in ADHD: Does subtype or comorbidity modulate negative priming effects?
Pritchard, V. E., Neumann, E., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.02.002 · Cited by 24
The Power of Planning: Self-Control by Effective Goal-striving
Gollwitzer, P. M., Gawrilow, C., & Oettingen, G. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195391381.003.0015 · Cited by 25
Smaller volumes of caudate nuclei in prepubertal children with ADHD: Impact of age
Carrey, N., Bernier, D., Emms, M., Gunde, E., Sparkes, S., MacMaster, F. P., & Rusak, B. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.04.025 · Cited by 22
“Hyperactive/impulsive symptoms inyounger children may reflect basal ganglia disruption during a developmental period where cortical regions (especially prefrontal cortex) are not fully functional (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Soliva et al., 2010).”
Background
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Correctional Health Care
Eme, R. (2009) · Journal of correctional health care · doi:10.1177/1078345808326617 · Cited by 31
“…brain circuits and therefore deficits in the executive functions that these circuits subserve (Biederman, 2006a, 2006b; Biederman & Farone, 2005; Halperin & Schultz, 2006; Krain & Castellanos, 2006; Neuman et al., 2007; Nigg, 2006; Seidman et al., 2006; Valera, Farone, Murray, & Seidman, 2007).”
Background
Hyperactivity in motor response inhibition networks in unmedicated children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder
Massat, I., Slama, H., Villemonteix, T., Mary, A., Baijot, S., Sáenz, A. A., Balériaux, D., Metens, T., Kavec, M., & Peigneux, P. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1237040 · Cited by 24
“The right IFG has been considered as a key node for RI itself and/or for attentional detection of the stop signal (Halperin & Schulz 2006; Swick et al. 2008; Aron et al. 2014).”
Background
Analysis of Personal and Family Factors in the Persistence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results of a Prospective Follow-Up Study in Childhood
Miranda, A., Diago, C. C., Andrés, M. I. F., Herrero, M. J. P., & Miranda, B. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128325 · Cited by 28
“These findings do not support the Halperin and Schulz model [33], which suggests a maturation of more consciously controlled neurocognitive functions in ADHD remitters.”
Result
Central nervous system processing of emotions in children with nocturnal enuresis and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Equit, M., Becker, A., Khatib, D. E., Rubly, M., Becker, N., & von Gontard, A. (2014) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/apa.12676 · Cited by 22
“In bladder control, the periaqueductal grey, thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus and prefrontal cortex are involved (4), whereas in ADHD neural pathways including dorsal anterior midcingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex as well as striatum, premotor a…”
Background
ADHD and Comorbid Developmental Coordination Disorder: Implications and Recommendations for School Psychologists
Lange, S. M. (2017) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-017-0122-5 · Cited by 28
Randomized control study of the effects of executive function training on peer difficulties of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder C subtype
Lan, Y.-T., Liu, X., & Fang, H.-S. (2018) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2018.1509003 · Cited by 22
“For example, Halperin & Schulz (2006) revealed a decrease in ADHD symptoms, which was rated by parents after EF training.”
Background
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Last in, first out - delayed brain maturation with an accelerated decline?
Kakuszi, B., Szuromi, B., Bitter, I., & Czobor, P. (2020) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.03.011 · Cited by 27
Optimizing fitness for duty and post-combat clinical services for military personnel and combat veterans with ADHD—a systematic review of the current literature
Ivanov, I., & Yehuda, R. (2014) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v5.23894 · Cited by 22
“One developmental model of ADHD suggests that ADHD symptoms are related to non-cortical (i.e., limbic system) dysfunction that manifests early in life and persists throughout a lifetime (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background
Neuropsychological functions among adolescents with persistent, subsyndromal and remitted attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Lin, Y., Chen, W. J., & Gau, S. S. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002390 · Cited by 22
“The improvement in ADHD symptoms during adolescence seems to correspond chronologically to the maturation of the prefrontal cortex and frontosubcortical networks (Halperin & Schulz, 2006), which are thought to serve EFs (Fuster, 2002).”
BackgroundResult
Working memory and behavioral inhibition in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): an examination of varied central executive demands, construct overlap, and task impurity
Tarle, S. J., Alderson, R. M., Patros, C. H. G., Arrington, E. F., & Roberts, D. K. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2018.1519068 · Cited by 22
Brain Games as a Potential Nonpharmaceutical Alternative for the Treatment of ADHD
Wegrzyn, S. C., Hearrington, D., Martin, T., & Randolph, A. B. (2012) · Journal of Research on Technology in Education · doi:10.1080/15391523.2012.10782599 · Cited by 23
“As a result, children with ADHD do not perform as well as controls in tests of their executive functions, which are the mental processes that control thinking, emotions, and behavior (Adler, Spencer, Stein, & Newcorn, 2008; Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Mares, McLuckie, Schwartz, & Saini, 2007).”
Background
Coherence
Givón, T. (2020) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.230 · Cited by 21
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Juvenile Justice System
Eme, R. (2008) · Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice · doi:10.1080/15228930801963994 · Cited by 20
Development of endogenous orienting of attention in school-age children
Leclercq, V., & Siéroff, É. (2012) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2012.682568 · Cited by 21
“According to Halperin and Schulz (2006 ), the developmental remission of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during childhood and adolescence should follow the time course of prefrontal changes.”
Background
Automatic Processing of Duration in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Gomes, H., Duff, M., Flores, A., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000258 · Cited by 21
“…2001), specifically the basal ganglia, have been identified as being dysfunctional in individuals with ADHD (Durston, van Belle, & de Zeeuw, 2011; Halperin & Schulz, 2006); (3) studies in individuals with cerebellar damage, another brain area implicated in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2002), show…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Working Memory and Increased Activity Level (Hyperactivity) in ADHD: Experimental Evidence for a Functional Relation
Kofler, M. J., Sarver, D. E., & Wells, E. L. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715608439 · Cited by 20
Lifespan associations of resting-state brain functional networks with ADHD symptoms
Wang, R., Fan, Y., Wu, Y., Zang, Y., & Zhou, C. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.104673 · Cited by 21
“According to neurodevelopmental theory (Halperin and Schulz, 2006), ADHD remission is driven by improved prefrontal top-down control.”
Background
Sleep Physiology and Neurocognition Among Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Lunsford‐Avery, J. R., Carskadon, M. A., Kollins, S. H., & Krystal, A. D. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.005 · Cited by 21
Modelos neurocognitivos para el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad y sus implicaciones en el reconocimiento de endofenotipos
Henríquez, M., Zamorano, F. J., Engel, F. R., & Domínguez, F. A. (2010) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5002.2009082 · Cited by 19
“En una línea similar, Halperin y Shultz han planteado que las alteraciones anatómicas y funcionales del circuito estriadotalamocortical descritas en pacientes con TDAH no serían necesariamente parte central en la etiopatogenia del síndrome, sino epifenómenos asociados a la expresión clínica de la sintomatología y a la…”
Background
Impaired Visual Habituation in Adults With ADHD
Massa, J., & O’Desky, I. H. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711423621 · Cited by 22
“These theories range from dysfunction in lower level brain regions (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Sergeant, 1996; Sergeant, Geurts, Huijbregts, Scheres, & Oosterlaan, 2003) to dysfunctional top-down executive control (Barkley, 1998).”
Background
Executive function in children with Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Cross-disorder or unique impairments?
Openneer, T. J. C., Forde, N. J., Akkermans, S. E. A., Naaijen, J., Buitelaar, J. K., Hoekstra, P. J., & Dietrich, A. (2019) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2019.11.007 · Cited by 20
Executive Function Deficits in Adolescents With ADHD: Untangling Possible Sources of Heterogeneity
Molitor, S. J., Oddo, L. E., Eadeh, H., & Langberg, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/1063426618763125 · Cited by 23
Neuropsychological Measures in the Diagnosis of ADHD in Preschool: Can Developmental Research Inform Diagnostic Practice?
Merkt, J., Siniatchkin, M., & Petermann, F. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716629741 · Cited by 19
“There are theoretical assumptions that ADHD symptoms appear if a deficit within the hot-emotional response system is not compensated for by the regulation in the cold-cognitive control system (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Johnson, 2012).”
Background
Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation as a potential therapy for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: modulation of the noradrenergic pathway in the prefrontal lobe
Zhi, J., Zhang, S., Huang, M., Qin, H., He, X., Chang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1494272 · Cited by 19
Artificial intelligence in ADHD assessment: a comprehensive review of research progress from early screening to precise differential diagnosis
Zhao, C., Xu, Y., Li, R., Li, H., & Zhang, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2025.1624485 · Cited by 23
“Longitudinal study designs are crucial for understanding developmental trajectories of ADHD and the long-term effects of interventions, while cross-sectional studies provide snapshots of differences at specific ages (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
Dynamic Functional Connectivity Reveals Abnormal Variability in the Amygdala Subregions of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Yang, Y., Yang, B., Zhang, L., Peng, G., & Fang, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.648143 · Cited by 18
“Halperin and Schulz (2006) believe that the structure and function of the PFC are intimately involved in the manifestation of ADHD symptoms.”
Background
Age-dependent and -independent changes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during spatial working memory performance
Bollmann, S., Ghisleni, C., Poil, S., Martin, E., Ball, J., Eich‐Höchli, D., Klaver, P., Tuura, R., Michels, L., & Brandeis, D. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1112034 · Cited by 19
Pre-attention and Working Memory in ADHD: A 25-Year Follow-Up Study
Torgalsbøen, B. R., Zeiner, P., & Øie, M. G. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719879491 · Cited by 21
“It may also reflect a “catching up” in the executive domain, possibly resulting from a fine-tuning of neural connectivity (Carlson, Zelazo, & Faja, 2013) or a more efficient use of neuropsychological resources (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background
The Association Between Parkinson’s Disease and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Fan, H., Chang, Y., Tsai, J., Chiang, K.-L., Shih, J., Yeh, K.-Y., Ma, K., & Li, I. (2020) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689720947416 · Cited by 18
Attentional networks, vigilance, and distraction as a function of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in an adult community sample
Coll‐Martín, T., Carretero‐Dios, H., & Lupiáñez, J. (2021) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12513 · Cited by 16
Identifying ADHD boys by very-low frequency prefrontal fNIRS fluctuations during a rhythmic mental arithmetic task
Ortuño-Miró, S., Molina‐Rodríguez, S., Belmonte, C., & Ibáñez-Ballesteros, J. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acad2b · Cited by 19
Zur Wirksamkeit pharmakologischer und psychotherapeutischer Therapien bei Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter: Eine empirische Metaanalyse
Linderkamp, F., & Lauth, G. W. (2011) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000332429 · Cited by 18
Amplitude variability over trials in hemodynamic responses in adolescents with ADHD: The role of the anterior default mode network and the non-specific role of the striatum
Sørensen, L., Eichele, T., van Wageningen, H., Plessen, K. J., & Stevens, M. C. G. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.007 · Cited by 18
“Alternatively, impairments in state regulation, arousal, or learning/ motivational processes may give rise to behavioral IIV in ADHD (Halperin and Schulz, 2006; Halperin et al., 2008; Sagvolden et al., 2005; Sergeant, 2005).”
Cerebellar Symptoms Are Associated With Omission Errors and Variability of Response Time in Children With ADHD
Goetz, M., Schwabová, J. P., Hlávka, Z., Ptáček, R., Zumrová, A., Hort, V., & Doyle, R. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713517745 · Cited by 18
“Several hypotheses explaining the neurological basis of RT variability in ADHD have been formulated, suggesting deficits in cortical and subcortical processing (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Sergeant, 2000).”
Background
Neurocognitive and Symptom Trajectories of ADHD from Childhood to Early Adolescence
Murray, A. L., Robinson, T. P., & Tripp, G. (2017) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000000476 · Cited by 20
“This may reflect a “catching up” in the executive domain, possibly resulting from fine-tuning of neural connectivity(46) or more efficient use of cognitive resources.(15) Some improvement may also reflect previous exposure to the tasks, i.”
Background
Exploring the Variability in Reaction Times of Preschoolers at Risk of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: an ex-Gaussian Analysis
Hwang-Gu, S.-L., Chen, Y., Liang, S. H., Ni, H., Lin, H., Lin, C.-F., & Gau, S. S. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-00508-z · Cited by 17
Clinical presentations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents: comparison of neurocognitive performance
Krieger, V., & Amador-Campos, J. A. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2021.1917530 · Cited by 16
“Thus, as suggested by Halperin and Schulz (2006), the prefrontal cortex and its functional measures are closely related to the course and severity of ADHD symptoms, especially in adolescence and adulthood.”
Background
ADHD: Volumetry, Motor, and Oculomotor Functions
Mahone, E. M. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_146 · Cited by 17
“2004), more recent research has argued that other brain regions (particularly subcortical) may provide answers to the early neurobiological unfolding of ADHD (Valera et al. 2006; Halperin and Schulz 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Association Between Pubertal Onset and Symptoms of ADHD in Female University Students
Ostojic, D., & Miller, C. J. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714535249 · Cited by 18
“Notably, these brain regions are associated with catecholamine neurotransmitter systems (e.g., dopamine) that have also been linked to ADHD and have been the target of stimulant medication (Biederman et al., 2005; Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background
The Use of fMRI Regional Analysis to Automatically Detect ADHD Through a 3D CNN-Based Approach
Gülhan, P. G., & Özmen, G. (2024) · Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10278-024-01189-5 · Cited by 15
“The prefrontal cortex plays an important role in regulating higher-level cognitive functions, such as attention control, impulse control, planning, and decision-making [10].”
Are language production problems apparent in adults who no longer meet diagnostic criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Engelhardt, P. E., Veld, S. N., Nigg, J. T., & Ferreira, F. (2012) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2012.712957 · Cited by 16
“Turning now to theories of ADHD, Halperin et al. (2008) argued that symptom remission in ADHD is driven primarily by improvements in effortful control.”
Child Executive Control as a Moderator of the Longitudinal Association Between Sleep Problems and Subsequent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms
Kidwell, K. M., Hankey, M., Nelson, J. M., Espy, K. A., & Nelson, T. D. (2017) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsx071 · Cited by 15
Novel in silico multivariate mapping of intrinsic and anticorrelated connectivity to neurocognitive functional maps supports the maturational hypothesis of ADHD
de Lacy, N., Kodish, I. M., Rachakonda, S., & Calhoun, V. D. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24187 · Cited by 15
“…without involvement of anticorrelated circuits, these three frontal network effects are consistent with findings suggesting remission of ADHD symptoms arises from prefrontal maturation (Halperin & Schulz, 2006) and the dominance of fronto-parietal involvement in adult ADHD (Cortese et al., 2012).”
The Effects of Working Memory Load on Auditory Distraction in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Blomberg, R., Capusan, A. J., Signoret, C., Danielsson, H., & Rönnberg, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.771711 · Cited by 17
“…subcortical (basal ganglia and cerebellum) dysfunction, and that agerelated reductions in neurocognitive deficits in some cases are attributable to a healthy maturation of frontal lobes and the improved ability to issue cognitive control over subcortical systems (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
Background
Longitudinal changes of ADHD symptoms in association with white matter microstructure: A tract-specific fixel-based analysis
Damatac, C., Soheili-Nezhad, S., Freches, G. B., Zwiers, M., de Bruijn, S., Ikde, S., Portengen, C., Abelmann, A. C., Dammers, J. T., van Rooij, D., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103057 · Cited by 13
“37 In a double dissociative neurodevelopmental model of ADHD, the underlying neural mechanisms that 38 control onset are distinct from those that drive remission [5].”
Background
Inhibitory control and delay aversion in unaffected preschoolers with a positive family history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Pauli‐Pott, U., Roller, A., Heinzel‐Gutenbrunner, M., Mingebach, T., Dalir, S., & Becker, K. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12230 · Cited by 16
SLC6A3 polymorphism and response to methylphenidate in children with ADHD: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Soleimani, R., Salehi, Z., Soltanipour, S., Hasandokht, T., & Jalali‌, M. M. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32613 · Cited by 15
“Halperin and Schulz (2006) proposed that the neural and cognitive mechanisms associated with the development and amelioration or recovery of ADHD are, at least partially, separable.”
Background
Electrophysiological and Clinical Predictors of Methylphenidate, Guanfacine, and Combined Treatment Outcomes in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Michelini, G., Lenartowicz, A., Vera, J. D., Bilder, R. M., McGough, J. J., McCracken, J. T., & Loo, S. K. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2022.08.001 · Cited by 15
“Conclusion: We identified treatment-specific and shared predictors of response to different pharmacotherapies in children with ADHD.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Moderator effects of working memory on the stability of ADHD symptoms by dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms during development
Trampush, J. W., Jacobs, M. M., Hurd, Y., Newcorn, J., & Halperin, J. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12131 · Cited by 14
“…development (Halperin et al., 2008), (ii) dopamine D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex being critical to working memory (Paspalas & Goldman-Rakic, 2005), and (iii) the prefrontal cortex being one of the last cortical regions to mature during development (Andersen, 2003; Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
InfluentialSelf-citation
Distinct topological properties of cue-evoked attention processing network in persisters and remitters of childhood ADHD
Luo, Y., Schulz, K. P., Alvarez, T. L., Halperin, J. M., & Li, X. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.09.013 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Structural brain alterations and their association with cognitive function and symptoms in Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder families
Jiang, W., Duan, K., Rootes-Murdy, K., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D. J., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., Vásquez, A. A., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102273 · Cited by 14
“Structural brain alterations associated with ADHD have been reported consistently across cortical and subcortical regions (EllisonWright et al., 2008; Halperin and Schulz, 2006; Hoogman et al., 2017).”
Forebrain Shh overexpression improves cognitive function and locomotor hyperactivity in an aneuploid mouse model of Down syndrome and its euploid littermates
Gao, F., Klinedinst, D. K., Fernandez, F., Cheng, B., Savonenko, A. V., Devenney, B., Li, Y., Wu, D., Pomper, M. G., & Reeves, R. H. (2021) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-021-01237-z · Cited by 14
Longitudinal Temperament Pathways to ADHD Between Childhood and Adolescence
Martel, M. M., Elkins, A. R., Eng, A. G., Goh, P. K., Bansal, P. S., Smith, T. E., Thaxton, M. H., Ryabinin, P., Mooney, M. A., Gustafsson, H., et al. (2022) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-022-00902-8 · Cited by 13
“It may be mediated by maturation of subcortical and limbic neural circuits, potentially operating through effects on subcortical and limbic regions of the brain (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background
Distinct Thalamic and Frontal Neuroanatomical Substrates in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Baboli, R., Cao, M., Halperin, J. M., & Li, X. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010046 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Methylphenidate for attention problems in epilepsy patients: Safety and efficacy
Leeman-Markowski, B. A., Adams, J., Martin, S. P., Devinsky, O., & Meador, K. J. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107627 · Cited by 15
“, deficits in planning, problem-solving, and cognitive flexibility/set-shifting) [79], findings are mixed and task-dependent [1,3,4,33,59].”
Background
Multisensory Enhancement of Cognitive Control over Working Memory Capture of Attention in Children with ADHD
Cai, B., Cai, S., He, H., He, L., Chen, Y., & Wang, A. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13010066 · Cited by 18
“Neuroimaging studies have shown that children with ADHD exhibit abnormal activation of these brain regions specifically during demanding tasks associated with inhibitory control [45,66,67].”
Background
A framework of psychological compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Merkt, J., Reinelt, T., & Petermann, F. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01580 · Cited by 13
“For example, if compensation by the prefrontal cortex is successful, an individual will not show ADHD symptoms anymore, although a deficit in subcortical functions remains (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
ADHD and the Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Metcalf, E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2528-5_18 · Cited by 15
Caudate and cerebellar involvement in altered P2 and P3 components of GO/NoGO evoked potentials in children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Zarka, D., Cebolla, A. M., Cevallos, C., Palmero‐Soler, E., Dan, B., & Cheron, G. A. (2021) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15198 · Cited by 15
“…of the caudate nucleus corresponding to the GO- P3 component in the ADHD group and not in TDC support the neurodevelopmental model of (Halperin and Schulz 2006) promoting that ADHD is related to early alterations in “bottom- up” cognitive processing performed by the striato- thalamic…”
Method
Consistently Inconsistent Working Memory Performance Among Children with ADHD: Evidence of Response Accuracy Variability (RAV)
Friedman, L. M., Rapport, M. D., & Fabrikant-Abzug, G. (2022) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-022-09967-7 · Cited by 15
“…or noise, heterogeneity in cognitive performance is considered a causal mechanism/core deficit of ADHD-related symptoms (Castellanos et al., 2006; Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Russell et al., 2006; Sonuga-Barke & Castellanos, 2007) or correlated outcome of underlying factors (Barkley, 1997;…”
Background
Links between excessive daytime sleepiness and EEG power and activation in two subtypes of ADHD
McCabe, L. E., Johnstone, S. J., Jiang, H., Sun, L., & Zhang, D. (2023) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108504 · Cited by 12
Behavior Management Training for Parents of Children with Preschool ADHD Based on Parent-Child Interactions: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled, Follow-Up Study
Feng, M., Xu, J., Zhai, M., Wu, Q., Chu, K., Xie, L., Luo, R., Li, H., Xu, Q., Xu, X., et al. (2023) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2023/3735634 · Cited by 12
“This decisive phase presents a distinctive opportunity for interventions, such as those targeting conditions like ADHD, to instigate profound and enduring effects on disease progression, given the concurrent evolution of the brain’s functional networks [16].”
Background
Working Memory-Related Neurofunctional Correlates Associated with the Frontal Lobe in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Li, X., Motwani, C., Cao, M., Martin, E., & Halperin, J. M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13101469 · Cited by 12
“…cognitive/behavioral profiles, comorbidities, developmental stages and trajectories, and neural correlates (underlying neural mechanisms associated with the given cognitive function), likely due to the heterogeneity in etiological factors (i.e., biological and environmental risk factors) [1,6–8].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Are Cognitive Control and Stimulus-Driven Processes Differentially Linked to Inattention and Hyperactivity in Preschoolers?
Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Healey, D. M., Marshall, K., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.759116 · Cited by 13
“Rapid attentional shifts and motor preparation have been linked more closely to ascending subcortical pathways (Halperin & Schulz, 2006) and the parietal cortex (Corbetta & Shulman, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Working Memory Capacity and ADHD Symptoms in Boys: Examining the Heterogeneity of Working Memory Functioning Using Latent Profile Analysis
Campez, M., Raiker, J. S., Sarver, D. E., Friedman, L. M., Orban, S. A., & Rapport, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-019-09762-x · Cited by 12
“In contrast, the cognitive-energetic (Sergeant 2000) and neurodevelopmental models (Halperin and Schulz 2006) propose that the interplay between neurocognitive abilities results in the emergence of behavioral difficulties, which would indicate that executive functions and motivational processes have associations with…”
Background
Lessons Learned in Enhancing Behavioral Parent Training for High-Risk Families of Youth with ADHD
Chacko, A., Uderman, J. Z., & Zwilling, A. L. (2013) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2013.21.4.6 · Cited by 12
“…that reduction of ADHD symptoms frequently seen in adolescents and young adults is accounted for, at least in part, by the development of higher order cortical control mechanisms, which can compensate for early subcortical neural deficits via topdown regulatory control (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background
Associations between attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom remission and white matter microstructure: A longitudinal analysis
Leenders, A. E. M., Damatac, C. G., Soheili‐Nezhad, S., Chauvin, R. J., Mennes, M., Zwiers, M. P., van Rooij, D., Akkermans, S. E. A., Naaijen, J., Franke, B., et al. (2021) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12040 · Cited by 11
“The underlying neural mechanisms that drive symptom remission may be distinct from those that drive ADHD onset, thus the brains of remitted individuals could be methodologically differentiated from those of people who were never diagnosed with ADHD (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER AND THE FAMILY COURT
Eme, R. (2009) · Family Court Review · doi:10.1111/j.1744-1617.2009.01279.x · Cited by 12
Cognitive Control in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
de Zeeuw, P., & Durston, S. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118920497.ch33 · Cited by 12
Cognitive predictors of mental health trajectories are mediated by inferior frontal and occipital development during adolescence
Li, Q., Cao, M., Stein, D. J., Sahakian, B. J., Jia, T., Langley, C., Gu, Z., Hou, W., Han, L., Cao, L., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-02912-6 · Cited by 11
Longitudinal Analysis of Self-Reported Symptoms, Behavioral Measures, and Event-Related Potential Components of a Cued Go/NoGo Task in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Controls
Münger, M., Sele, S., Candrian, G., Kasper, J., Rehim, H. A., Eich‐Höchli, D., Müller, A. F., & Jäncke, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.767789 · Cited by 17
Baroreflex sensitivity during rest and executive functioning in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The TRAILS study
Dietrich, A., Althaus, M., Hartman, C. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Mindera, R. B., van den Hoofdakker, B. J., & Hoekstra, P. J. (2012) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.03.008 · Cited by 11
Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder reduces automatic attention in young adults
Sable, J. J., Knopf, K. L., Kyle, M. R., Schully, L. T., Brooks, M. M., Parry, K. H., Thompson, I. A., Suna, E. B., Stowe, R., Flink, L. A., et al. (2013) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12012 · Cited by 11
Size at Birth and Motor Activity During Stress in Children Aged 7 to 9 Years
Schlotz, W., Jones, A., Phillips, N. M. M., Godfrey, K. M., & Phillips, D. I. W. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3277 · Cited by 11
“473b 0 58 (47) 31 (25) 27 (22) 1 45 (37) 23 (19) 22 (18) 2 12 (10) 5 (4) 7 (6) 3 8 (7) 2 (2) 6 (5) Smoking during pregnancy, n (%) .”
Developing ADHD in preschool: Testing the dual pathway model of temperament
Koerner, J. K. A., Gust, N., & Petermann, F. (2017) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2017.1347509 · Cited by 11
“Furthermore, the prefrontal cortex, which has been linked to inhibition and effortful control, shows strong development during preschool (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Rothbart et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Cortico-striatal differences in the epigenome in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
Shastri, G. G., Sudre, G. P., Ahn, K., Jung, B., Kolachana, B. S., Auluck, P. K., Elnitski, L. L., Marenco, S., & Shaw, P. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02896-x · Cited by 11
The Development of Selective Attention and Inhibition in NICU Graduates During the Preschool Years
Kittler, P. M., Gardner, J. M., Lennon, E. M., Flory, M. J., Mayes, L. C., & Karmel, B. Z. (2011) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2011.588762 · Cited by 9
“This especially seems possible considering evidence indicating brainstem-mediated effects on attention, and the proposal that early brainstem, midbrain, and cerebellar mechanisms may be at the core of understanding the development of ADHD ( Halperin & Schultz, 2006 ).”
Background
Developing attention in typical children related to disabilities
Posner, M. I., Rothbart, M. K., & Ghassemzadeh, H. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00019-8 · Cited by 11
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
O’Neill, J., Levitt, J. G., & Alger, J. R. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5864-8_18 · Cited by 9
Parenting and Human Brain Development
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_8 · Cited by 10
Executive functioning – a key construct for understanding developmental psychopathology or a ‘catch‐all’ term in need of some rethinking?
Halperin, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12551 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Brain network structural connectome abnormalities among youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at varying risk for bipolar I disorder: a cross-sectional graph-based magnetic resonance imaging study
Zhu, Z., Lei, D., Qin, K., Li, X., Li, W., Tallman, M. J., Patino, L. R., Fleck, D. E., Aghera, V., Gong, Q., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.220209 · Cited by 8
“12 Although alterations in the frontotemporal cortex and subcortical regions have been observed among youth at high genetic risk of BD-I, 13,14 little research has attempted to identify distinguishing brain features in youth with ADHD, with and without familial risk of BD-I.”
Background
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors in controlling ADHD symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Dezfouli, R. A., Hosseinpour, A., Ketabforoush, S., & Daneshzad, E. (2024) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-024-00400-1 · Cited by 9
“On the other hand, abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, caudate nuclei, and cerebellum [61, 62], which are involved in regulating attention and behavior, have been linked to ADHD.”
Background
Linking state regulation, brain laterality, and self-reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adults
Mohamed, S. M. H., Börger, N. A., Geuze, R. H., & van der Meere, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1167174 · Cited by 10
“It has been proposed that as a function of age there is improvement in executive neuropsychological functioning, but compromised lower order functioning, such as a state regulation deficit, remains stable over time (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Halperin, Trampush, Miller, Marks, & Newcorn, 2008).”
Background
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Alters Error Detection During Simple Arithmetic Processing: An Electroencephalography Study
Ben‐Shachar, M. S., Shmueli, M., Jacobson, S. W., Meintjes, E. M., Molteno, C. D., Jacobson, J. L., & Berger, A. (2019) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14244 · Cited by 8
“Reliance on alternative brain regions to compensate for inefficient processing in neural networks specialized for a given brain function has been reported extensively in the fMRI literature (see e.g., Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
Background
Altered interaction of physiological activity and behavior affects risky decision-making in ADHD
Halbe, E., Kolf, F., Heger, A. S., Hüpen, P., Bergmann, M., Aslan, B., Harrison, B. J., Davey, C. G., Philipsen, A., & Lux, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1147329 · Cited by 8
“Additionally, based on the prefrontal recovery hypothesis (Halperin and Schulz, 2006), it has been shown that developmental improvements in cognitive control functions may favor a reduction in behavioral disturbances in adult ADHD (Groen et al.”
Background
The Neural and Neurocognitive Determinants of ADHD
Gopin, C. B., & Healey, D. M. (2011) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2011.575700 · Cited by 9
“Halperin and Schulz (2006) recently hypothesized that ADHD is the direct result of noncortical neural dysfunction that is first manifest early in the ontogenetic process.”
BackgroundInfluential
Neurobiological basis of reinforcement-based decision making in adults with ADHD treated with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate: Preliminary findings and implications for mechanisms influencing clinical improvement
Newcorn, J. H., Ivanov, I., Krone, B., Li, X., Duhoux, S., White, S., Schulz, K. P., Bédard, A.-C. V., Pedraza, J., Adler, L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.037 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Dynamic Seat Assessment for Enabled Restlessness of Children with Learning Difficulties
Stanić, V., Žnidarič, T., Repovš, G., & Geršak, G. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22093170 · Cited by 7
“Start of schooling coincides with the period of typically the most intense symptoms of ADHD [3].”
Background
Current Perspectives on Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Shafiullah, S., & Dhaneshwar, S. S. (2023) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666230522145950 · Cited by 9
Binocular rivalry transitions predict inattention symptom severity in adult ADHD
Jusyte, A., Zaretskaya, N., Höhnle, N. M., Bartels, A., & Schönenberg, M. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0790-1 · Cited by 10
“Specifically, established models assume that ADHD symptoms stem from a subcortical dysfunction, which is alleviated and compensated through maturation processes in prefrontal regions [64].”
Background
Correlations between developmental trajectories of brain functional connectivity, neurocognitive functions, and clinical symptoms in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Hong, Y. N., Hwang, H., Hong, J. S., & Han, D. H. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.021 · Cited by 9
Investigation of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment Using Electro Interstitial Scan Based on Chronoamperometry Technique
Chua, R. N., Hau, Y. W., Tiew, C. M., & Hau, W. L. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2938095 · Cited by 7
Structural and diffusion‐weighted brain imaging predictors of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and its symptomology in very young (4‐ to 7‐year‐old) children
Öztekin, I., Garic, D., Bayat, M., Hernandez, M. L., Finlayson, M. A., Graziano, P. A., & Dick, A. S. (2022) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.15842 · Cited by 8
“…of such ER deficits are in line with theories of ADHD that have suggested that EF-related effects might not emerge in the young age range evaluated in the current study and that subcortical regions that support ER might be crucially important for the early onset of ADHD (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Background

Authors: Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P.
Affiliations: Queens College, CUNY (US)
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
ORCID: Halperin, Jeffrey M.
Schulz, Kurt P.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2006
Volume: 132
Issue: 4
Pages: 560-581
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.4.560
OpenAlex: W2139377807
Semantic Scholar: 9b63dbee33341e428d6c3a9a7c386b7dd42c7191
Cited by: 446
References: 298
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 2.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: William T. Grant Foundation (97183497)
National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 MH60698; RO1 MH068206; R21 MH066360)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, prefrontal cortex, neurodevelopmental model, striatum, symptom remission, ADHD pathophysiology
MeSH terms: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks