The DOI matches its Crossref record; 296 of the 298 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Abstract
Most neural models for the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have centered on the prefrontal cortex and its interconnections with the striatum and other subcortical structures. However, research only partially supports these models, and they do not correspond with the development of the prefrontal cortex and its interrelated neurocircuitry. The neural and functional development of the prefrontal cortex more closely parallels recovery from ADHD as indicated by the developmental remission of symptomatology. The authors hypothesize that ADHD is due to noncortical dysfunction that manifests early in ontogeny, remains static throughout the lifetime, and is not associated with the remission of symptomatology. Data supporting this neurodevelopmental model of prefrontal cortex function in ADHD are reviewed. Research and treatment implications are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“they hypothesized that ADHD is caused by non-cortical neural dysfunction that is present early in ontogeny and remains relatively static throughout life.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Halperin and colleagues (Halperin et al., 2006; Halperin, Marks, & Schulz, 2008) have posited distinct neurocognitive mechanisms for the etiology of and relative recovery from ADHD.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“investigators have increasingly embraced the notion that ADHD is best viewed within the context of a developmental trajectory rather than that of a static medical condition (Halperin et al., 2006; Sagvolden, Johansen, Aase, & Russell, 2005; Sonuga-Barke & Halperin, 2009; Taylor, 1999)”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“they posited that the reduction of symptoms oftentimes seen over development are at least partially accounted for by the degree to which prefrontally-mediated EFs and other higher cortical functions, which emerge throughout childhood and adolescence, can compensate for these more primary and enduring subcortical deficits.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“This intervention is relevant to ADHD given the noted difficulties that many children with ADHD have with EFs (Doyle, 2006; Willcutt et al., 2005) and the notion that improved EF over development should reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and impairments (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin and Schulz, 2006
In the citing paper
“The prefrontal recovery hypothesis [73] postulates that the reduction of ADHD symptoms during adolescence is related to the degree in which prefrontal cognitive control functions (‘cold’ decision-making) compensate for primary and persistent subcortical deficits (‘hot’ decision-making).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [73]
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Jacobson, J. L., Dodge, N. C., Burden, M. J., Klorman, R., & Jacobson, S. W. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01360.x · Cited by 76
Time processing in children and adults with ADHD
Valko, L., Schneider, G., Doehnert, M., Müller, U. C., Brandeis, D., Steinhausen, H., & Drechsler, R. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0473-9 · Cited by 78
“According to follow-up studies, executive function deficits seem to persist into adulthood, but only in those with full ADHD status and under the premise that EF deficits were already present in childhood (Biederman et al. 2007; Halperin et al. 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAn fMRI Study of Number Processing in Children With Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Meintjes, E. M., Jacobson, J. L., Molteno, C. D., Gatenby, J. C., Warton, C. M. R., Cannistraci, C. J., Hoyme, H. E., Robinson, L. K., Khaole, N., Gore, J. C., et al. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01230.x · Cited by 73
Wood, A. C., Rijsdijk, F. V., Johnson, K. A., Andreou, P., Albrecht, B., Vásquez, A. A., Buitelaar, J. K., McLoughlin, G., Rommelse, N. N. J., Sergeant, J. A., et al. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171000108x · Cited by 74
“…example, for bottom-up influences from subcortical arousal structures and brief reductions in the top-down control of sustained attention and inhibition (Halperin & Schulz, 2006 ; Johnson et al. 2007, 2008 ; Halperin et al. 2008; O’Connell et al. 2008 ; Loo et al. 2009 ; Kuntsi et al. in press).”
BackgroundExecutive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood.
Miller, M. R., Ho, J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0027792 · Cited by 77
“It has been suggested that prefrontally mediated mechanisms may account for symptom reduction and potential improvements in EF throughout development in individuals with ADHD (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Development of attentional processes in ADHD and normal children
Gupta, R., & Kar, B. R. (2009) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17614-8 · Cited by 73
“Tonic levels of alertness are thought to be modulated by noradrenaline and difficulties with alertness might arise due to deficient fronto-parietal control over the locus coeruleus (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
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Michelini, G., Kitsune, G. L., Cheung, C. H. M., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., Asherson, P. J., McLoughlin, G., & Kuntsi, J. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.021 · Cited by 71
Greven, C. U., Asherson, P. J., Rijsdijk, F. V., & Plomin, R. J. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9513-7 · Cited by 73
“This might be reflected in the developmental hypothesis by Halperin and colleagues ( Halperin and Schulz 2006 ; H alperin et al.2008) who postulate the role of both early enduring neurobiological processes involved in the aetiology of ADHD, and later developing moderating neurobiological processes involved in the pers…”
BackgroundEEG anomalies in adult ADHD subjects performing a working memory task
Missonnier, P., Hasler, R., Perroud, N. A., Herrmann, F. R., Millet, P., Richiardi, J., Malafosse, A., Giannakopoulos, P., & Baud, P. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.03.011 · Cited by 68
Clerkin, S. M., Schulz, K. P., Berwid, O. G., Fan, J., Newcorn, J. H., Tang, C. Y., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12070880 · Cited by 66
Self-citationDekkers, T. J., de Water, E., & Scheres, A. (2021) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.11.002 · Cited by 78
Tibu, F., Sheridan, M. A., McLaughlin, K. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A., & Zeanah, C. H. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002020 · Cited by 66
“…that this heterogeneity reflects as yet unidentified subpopulations of children with ADHD currently subsumed under the umbrella diagnosis (Willcutt et al. 2005; Halperin & Schulz, 2006), and it is possible that ADHD following exposure to childhood adversity is one of these subpopulations.”
BackgroundMontes, L. G. A., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Torre, L. B. D. L., Alcántara, H. P., García, R. B. M., Fernández-Bouzas, A., & Acosta, D. Á. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.090099 · Cited by 65
Neonatal Head Ultrasound Abnormalities in Preterm Infants and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders
Whitaker, A. H., Feldman, J. F., Lorenz, J. M., McNicholas, F., Fisher, P. W., Shen, S., Pinto‐Martin, J. A., Shaffer, D., & Paneth, N. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.62 · Cited by 67
The neurobiological profile of girls with ADHD
Mahone, E. M., & Wodka, E. L. (2008) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.41 · Cited by 70
“For example, the basal ganglia serves as the nexus through which prefrontal, premotor, and motor signals inhibit competing motor programs and facilitate intended behaviors [Mink, 1996; Halperin and Schulz, 2006].”
BackgroundVan De Voorde, S., Roeyers, H., Verté, S., & Wiersema, J. R. (2010) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390903066865 · Cited by 64
“…as has also been reported by others (e.g., Andreou et al., 2007; Rommelse et al., 2007), is in line with the current opinion of several researchers that EF deficits are not the central cause of ADHD for all or most cases (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Nigg et al., 2005; Willcutt et al., 2005a).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHow Child's Play Impacts Executive Function–Related Behaviors
Shaheen, S. (2014) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2013.839612 · Cited by 64
Cognitive Control and Attentional Selection in Adolescents with ADHD Versus ADD
Carr, L., Henderson, J., & Nigg, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2010.517168 · Cited by 61
“Thus, adolescents may differ from both adults and children with regard to their neuropsychological profile of cognitive control (Casey, Jones, & Hare, 2008 ; Halperin & Schulz, 2006 ).”
BackgroundValko, L., Doehnert, M., Müller, U. C., Schneider, G., Albrecht, B., Drechsler, R., Mächler, M., Steinhausen, H.-C., & Brandeis, D. (2009) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803.23.4.235 · Cited by 68
Impulsivity and Vulnerability to Psychopathology
Neuhaus, E., & Beauchaine, T. P. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394258932.ch6 · Cited by 65
Plugging the attention deficit: Perceptual load counters increased distraction in ADHD.
Forster, S., Robertson, D. J., Jennings, A., Asherson, P. J., & Nilli Lavie, C. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000020 · Cited by 62
Xia, S., Foxe, J. J., Sroubek, A. E., Branch, C. A., & Li, X. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00162 · Cited by 66
“Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD remain controversial due to the lack of firm understanding of its neurobiological causes (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundDiwadkar, V. A., Meintjes, E. M., Goradia, D. D., Dodge, N. C., Warton, C. M. R., Molteno, C. D., Jacobson, S. W., & Jacobson, J. L. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22042 · Cited by 62
Hippocampal subfield volume changes in subtypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Al-Amin, M. M., Zinchenko, A., & Geyer, T. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.007 · Cited by 65
Francx, W., Zwiers, M. P., Mennes, M., Oosterlaan, J., Heslenfeld, D., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., O'Dwyer, L., et al. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12379 · Cited by 56
“A neurodevelopmental theory associates improvement of ADHD symptoms with the development of the prefrontal cortex and related top-down executive control (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundLin, H., Gau, S. S., Hwang-Gu, S.-L., Shang, C., Wu, M. Y., & Tseng, W. I. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001955 · Cited by 61
“Based on the theory of top-down executive control (Halperin & Schulz, 2006) and its competitive relationship with the DMN (Sonuga-Barke & Castellanos, 2007), we focused our investigation on the frontostriatal tracts and the midcingulum bundles.”
BackgroundMethodKo, M. J., Mulia, G. E., & van Rijn, R. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00096 · Cited by 59
“Furthermore, abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex are also implicated in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Halperin and Schulz, 2006), autistic spectrum disorder (Morgan et al., 2010; Courchesne et al., 2011), and various mood disorders (Drevets et al., 1997).”
Michelini, G., Salmastyan, G., Vera, J. D., & Lenartowicz, A. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.01.014 · Cited by 58
Michelini, G., Jurgiel, J., Bakolis, I., Cheung, C. H. M., Asherson, P. J., Loo, S. K., Kuntsi, J., & Mohammad-Rezazadeh, I. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0469-7 · Cited by 64
Miller, N. V., Hane, A. A., Degnan, K. A., Fox, N. A., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13047 · Cited by 57
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“However, some have implicated a protective effect of frontal development in attenuating risk for continued difficulties with impulsivity and associated psychopathology (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundRajendran, K., Trampush, J. W., Rindskopf, D., Marks, D. J., O’Neill, S. C., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12101360 · Cited by 63
“of ADHD during early childhood, and a diminution of ADHD symptoms and impairment across the lifespan is linked to neural development (18).”
Self-citationGeissler, J. M., & Lesch, K. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.136 · Cited by 57
Neurocognitive Predictors of ADHD Outcome: a 6-Year Follow-up Study
van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Twisk, J. W. R., Faraone, S. V., Heslenfeld, D. J., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., Rommelse, N. N. J., et al. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0175-3 · Cited by 63
“The relevance of neurocognitive functioning for the course of ADHD has been emphasized by Halperin and Schulz (2006).”
BackgroundDiurnal variations in arousal: a naturalistic heart rate study in children with ADHD
Imeraj, L., Antrop, I., Roeyers, H., Deschepper, E., Bal, S., & Deboutte, D. (2011) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0188-y · Cited by 52
“In ADHD, such a prefrontal hypofunction has been shown with respect to structural and functional neuroimaging, dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity, and neuropsychological executive functioning [8, 25, 26, 61].”
BackgroundRabinovitz, B. B., O'Neill, S., Rajendran, K., & Halperin, J. M. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000093 · Cited by 53
Self-citationDelay and inhibition as early predictors of ADHD symptoms in third grade.
Campbell, S. B., & von Stauffenberg, C. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9270-4 · Cited by 90
“Simultaneously, dysfunctions in several different neural pathways have been hypothesized to account for some of these underlying deficits and defining symptoms (Castellanos et al. 2006; Halperin and Schulz 2006; Nigg et al. 2005).”
BackgroundReduced subcortical volumes among preschool-age girls and boys with ADHD
Rosch, K. S., Crocetti, D., Hirabayashi, K., Denckla, M. B., Mostofsky, S. H., & Mahone, E. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.10.013 · Cited by 49
Burden, M. J., Jacobson, J. L., Westerlund, A., Lundahl, L. H., Morrison, A., Dodge, N. C., Klorman, R., Nelson, C. A., Avison, M. J., & Jacobson, S. W. (2010) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2009.01130.x · Cited by 55
Mahone, E. M., Ranta, M. E., Crocetti, D., O’Brien, J. W., Kaufmann, W. E., DENCKLA, M. B., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001056 · Cited by 51
“Considering these patterns, some researchers have hypothesized that the prefrontal cortex and its interconnections may be primarily involved in the compensation for (and recovery from) ADHD, rather than in the primary cause of the disorder (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundGomes, H., Duff, M., Ramos, M., Molholm, S., Foxe, J. J., & Halperin, J. M. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.07.030 · Cited by 52
“…functioning (Barkley et al., 1997; Pennington and Ozonoff, 1996), but rather that differences in earlier-developing subcortical regions have a significant impact on the development and functioning of these more rostral brain structures (Halperin and Schulz, 2006; Sergeant, 2000).”
Self-citationGrowing out of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Insights from the ‘remitted’ brain
Sudre, G. P., Mangalmurti, A., & Shaw, P. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.010 · Cited by 55
“For example, one group has argued that while ADHD is caused by subcortical anomalies which persist throughout the lifespan, its variable clinical course is determined by plasticity of the cerebral cortex (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
InfluentialMulligan, R. C., Knopik, V. S., Sweet, L. H., Fischer, M., Seidenberg, M., & Rao, S. M. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.02.003 · Cited by 56
“This is consistent with a recently proposed hypothesis suggesting that adults with ADHD may rely on the frontal lobes to compensate for primary dysfunction in other brain regions (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundA diffusion modeling approach to understanding contextual cueing effects in children with ADHD
Weigard, A. S., & Huang‐Pollock, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12250 · Cited by 49
“…is considered a core cognitive mechanism of the disorder (Willcutt, Doyle, Nigg, Faraone, & Pennington, 2005), but it is by no means ubiquitous (Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005), and recent theories have begun to consider nonexecutive domains as well (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
Meyer, K. N., Santillana, R. M., Miller, B., Clapp, W. C., Way, M., Bridgman-Goines, K., & Sheridan, M. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241352 · Cited by 51
Kerekes, N., Sánchez‐Pérez, A. M., & Landry, M. (2021) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110717 · Cited by 53
Exploring deficient emotion regulation in adult ADHD: electrophysiological evidence
Shushakova, A., Ohrmann, P., & Pedersen, A. (2017) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-017-0826-6 · Cited by 50
“Frontal hyperactivation also provides a possible explanation for the intact self-reported emotion regulation and the unimpaired centroparietal LPP modulation in our ADHD subjects, which could be attributed to compensational mechanisms [71, 72].”
BackgroundRelation Between Outcomes on a Continuous Performance Test and ADHD Symptoms Over Time
Vaughn, A. J., Epstein, J. N., Rausch, J. R., Altaye, M., Langberg, J. M., Newcorn, J. H., Hinshaw, S. P., Hechtman, L. T., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., et al. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9501-y · Cited by 50
“…investigators have hypothesized that the developmental course of ADHDrelated neuropsychological deficits may provide insights into which neuropsychological deficits are core to the disorder and which are epiphenomenal (Carr, Nigg, & Henderson, 2006; Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialVisuospatial Working Memory in ADHD Patients, Unaffected Siblings, and Healthy Controls
van Ewijk, H., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., Rommelse, N. N. J., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713482582 · Cited by 50
“Notably, current findings are in line with Halperin and Schultz’s developmental model of ADHD (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGmehlin, D., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Walther, S., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Lange, K. W., Tucha, O. M., Weisbrod, M., & Aschenbrenner, S. (2016) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acw016 · Cited by 55
“…time-dependent deficits in basic attentional function mainly due to deficits in arousal, activation, effort, or intrusions of task-negative resting brain activity (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Halperin, Trampush, Miller, Marks, & Newcorn, 2008; Russell et al., 2006; Sonuga-Barke & Castellanos, 2007).”
BackgroundSzekely, E., Sudre, G. P., Sharp, W., Leibenluft, E., & Shaw, P. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16111313 · Cited by 47
“Although not suggested by the original model (6), it is noteworthy that cerebellar and parietal regions also showed partial normalization with remission from ADHD.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMiller, M. R., Loya, F., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12074 · Cited by 51
“Based on the model proposed by Halperin and Schulz (2006), we expected greater improvement in EF scores to be associated with greater reductions in hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, and, to a lesser extent, inattentive symptoms, given that hyperactive-impulsive symptoms have been reported to decrease…”
BackgroundMicoulaud‐Franchi, J., Lopez, R., Cermolacce, M., Vaillant, F., Peri, P., Boyer, L., Richieri, R. M., Bioulac, S., Sagaspe, P., Philip, P., et al. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716629716 · Cited by 48
Patros, C. H. G., Alderson, R. M., Lea, S. E., Tarle, S. J., Kasper, L. J., & Hudec, K. L. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.016 · Cited by 43
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Trait mechanisms in youth with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Martel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., & Lucas, R. E. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.12.004 · Cited by 49
“Top-down style of processing matures across development, particularly during adolescence, asserting increased control over bottom-up circuitry during late adolescence (Casey, Jones, & Hare, in press; Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundQuantitative and Molecular Genetics of ADHD
Asherson, P., & Gurling, H. (2011) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_155 · Cited by 43
“For example, Halperin and Schultz (Halperin and Schulz 2006) hypothesize a developmental model that takes into account the two main familial cognitive “variability” and “error” factors, identified by Kuntsi et al. (2010), and predicted by previous cognitive models for ADHD, including the arousal-attention model (Johns…”
BackgroundGroen, Y., den Heijer, A. E., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Althaus, M., & Tucha, O. M. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-017-0236-7 · Cited by 43
“Furthermore, an improvement in social cognitive abilities into adulthood is in line with the ‘prefrontal recovery hypothesis’ as described by Halperin and Schulz (2006), proposing that the remission of several higher-order cognitive functions in adult ADHD is related to the neural development of…”
ResultRajendran, K., Rindskopf, D., O'Neill, S., Marks, D. J., Nomura, Y., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034237 · Cited by 41
“Yet, the manner and extent to which such phenotypes are expressed throughout development is, to a considerable degree, determined by postnatal factors that continue to influence neural development (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Halperin et al., 2012; Sonuga-Barke et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBuilding an adaptive brain across development: targets for neurorehabilitation must begin in infancy
Edgin, J. O., Clark, C. A. C., Massand, E., & Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00232 · Cited by 44
“In the case of those with DS, in which hippocampal development is clearly disrupted, assessing the efficacy of hippocampal circuit intervention may only be possible at an even later stage of development.”
BackgroundEEG correlates of visual short-term memory as neuro-cognitive endophenotypes of ADHD
Wiegand, I., Hennig‐Fast, K., Kilian, B., Müller, H. J., Töllner, T., Möller, H., Engel, R. R., & Finke, K. (2016) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.011 · Cited by 41
“The degree of such a trait's manifestation, and its change across the lifespan, is assumed to be influenced by a patient's compensatory abilities (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundADHD 24/7: Circadian clock genes, chronotherapy and sleep/wake cycle insufficiencies in ADHD
Korman, M., Palm, D., Uzoni, A., Faltraco, F., Tucha, O. M., Thome, J., & Coogan, A. N. (2018) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2018.1523565 · Cited by 43
Rohde, L. A. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.007 · Cited by 41
Rommel, A., Halperin, J. M., Mill, J. S., Asherson, P. J., & Kuntsi, J. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018 · Cited by 40
Self-citationFonseca, L. C., Tedrus, G. M. A. S., Bianchini, M. C., & Silva, T. F. (2013) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059412445659 · Cited by 39
Thissen, A. J. A. M., Rommelse, N. N. J., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., van Lieshout, M., Franke, B., Oosterlaan, J., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001153 · Cited by 42
“…are those deficits that are present in patients with remitting ADHD, whereas deficits that are no longer present in these patients are seen as epiphenomena (Halperin & Schulz, 2006), that is, related to the same factors as ADHD but not mediating between risk factors and ADHD (Walters & Owen, 2007).”
BackgroundA Preliminary Neuroimaging Study of Preschool Children with ADHD
Mahone, E. M., Crocetti, D., Ranta, M. E., Gaddis, A., Cataldo, M., Slifer, K. J., Denckla, M. B., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2011) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.580784 · Cited by 38
Schulz, K. P., Li, X., Clerkin, S. M., Fan, J., Berwid, O. G., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.019 · Cited by 39
Self-citationPreliminary fMRI findings on the effects of event rate in adults with ADHD
Kooistra, L., van der Meere, J. J., Edwards, J. D., Kaplan, B. J., Crawford, S. G., & Goodyear, B. G. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0374-y · Cited by 38
Hatch, B., Healey, D. M., & Halperin, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12168 · Cited by 40
“…as well as a range of abnormalities in cortical and subcortical structures that involve the mesolimbic, mesocortical and nigrostriatal pathways (Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Kieling, Goncalves, Tannock, & Castellanos, 2008; Sagvolden, Johansen, Aase, & Russell, 2005; Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Swanson et…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationDifferential association between MAOA, ADHD and neuropsychological functioning in boys and girls
Rommelse, N. N. J., Altink, M. E., Vásquez, A. A., Buschgens, C. J. M., Fliers, E. A., Faraone, S. V., Buitelaar, J. K., Sergeant, J. A., Oosterlaan, J., & Franke, B. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30845 · Cited by 37
“American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics) 147B:1524–1530 (2008) Differential Association Between MAOA, ADHD and”
BackgroundA Developmental Perspective on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Campbell, S. B. G., Halperin, J. M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9608-3_22 · Cited by 39
Self-citationDrabick, D. A. G., Bubier, J. L., Chen, D., Price, J., & Lanza, H. I. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.533401 · Cited by 37
“Although studies considering youth with ADHD (eg, Sarkis et al, 2005 ) suggest a specific link between EF deficits and ADHD, recent reviews of the literature (Halperin & Schulz, 2006 ; Sergeant, Geurts, & Oosterlaan, 2002 ) indicate that EF deficits are only moderately associated with ADHD, and many EF deficits are sh…”
Qian, A., Wang, X., Liu, H., Tao, J., Zhou, J., Ye, Q., Li, J., Yang, C., Cheng, J., Zhao, K., et al. (2018) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-018-0217-7 · Cited by 37
“Caudate abnormalities may remain relatively unchanged throughout development and recovery [46].”
BackgroundPerceptual and motor inhibition in adolescents/young adults with childhood-diagnosed ADHD.
Bedard, A., Trampush, J. W., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0018752 · Cited by 39
“Alternatively, as hypothesized by Halperin and Schulz (2006), it may be that improved top- Neuropsychology.”
BackgroundSelf-citationMitchell, J. T. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709332409 · Cited by 36
“However, meta-analytic reviews indicate moderate effect sizes (see Halperin & Schulz, 2006, for a review), leading to suggestions that ADHD is a disorder of multiple pathways, including nonexecutive functioning causes (Nigg, Willcutt, Doyle, & Sonuga-Barke, 2005; Pennington, 2005).”
BackgroundStimulant Medication and Prefrontal Functional Connectivity During Working Memory in ADHD
Sheridan, M. A., Hinshaw, S. P., & D’Esposito, M. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709347444 · Cited by 34
“…differences from control participants in the structure (Castellanos & Tannock, 2002; for review see Durston, 2003; Giedd, Blumenthal, Molloy, & Castellanos, 2001) and function (for review see Durston, 2003; Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Nigg & Casey, 2005) of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and striatum.”
InfluentialÖztekin, I., Finlayson, M. A., Graziano, P. A., & Dick, A. S. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100966 · Cited by 38
Pazvantoğlu, O., Aker, A. A., Karabekiroğlu, K., Akbaş, S., Sarísoy, G., Baykal, S., Korkmaz, I. Z., Pazvantoğlu, E. A., Böke, Ö., & Şahin, A. R. (2012) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617712000574 · Cited by 35
“Halperin and Schulz (2006) suggested that ADHD originated from early-phase-associated neural dysfunctions, and that as the symptoms of disease decrease, some cognitive deficits may remain relatively static throughout the adult lifespan.”
BackgroundLin, Y., & Gau, S. S. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718001599 · Cited by 33
“The significant convergence might imply a delayed but rapid catch-up of this ability through the developmental stage of adolescence in ADHD, coincident with the delayed, vigorous development of the frontal area during this period (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialMapping the cortico-striatal transcriptome in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Sudre, G. P., Gildea, D. E., Shastri, G. G., Sharp, W. S., Jung, B., Xu, Q., Auluck, P. K., Elnitski, L. L., Baxevanis, A. D., Marenco, S., et al. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01844-9 · Cited by 33
Kofler, M. J., Groves, N. B., Chan, E. S. M., Marsh, C. L., Cole, A. M., Gaye, F., Cibrian, E., Tatsuki, M. O., & Singh, L. J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1277583 · Cited by 35
“…neurocognitive de fi cits in ADHD (6 – 9), non-causal correlates of ADHD that may nonetheless aid in developmental recovery from the disorder (10), secondary outcomes of other core de fi cits (11, 12), and/or epiphenomenal dif fi culties that neither cause ADHD nor affect symptom…”
BackgroundRoberts, W., Fillmore, M. T., & Milich, R. S. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021408 · Cited by 35
“The separation of automatic and intentional inhibitory control in this population may answer a question proposed by Halperin and Shulz (2006).”
BackgroundRüsch, N., Boeker, M., Büchert, M., Glauche, V., Bohrmann, C., Ebert, D., Lieb, K., Hennig, J., & van Elst, L. T. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622970801958331 · Cited by 34
Latent profile analysis of neuropsychological measures to determine preschoolers' risk for ADHD
Rajendran, K., O’Neill, S. C., Marks, D. J., & Halperin, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12434 · Cited by 35
“Furthermore, from a neurobiological perspective , it has been proposed that changes in cortical development over time, and not the starting point, may be the primary driver of ADHD trajectory and outcomes (Giedd & Rapoport, 2010; Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Rajendran et al., 2013).”
Self-citationSheese, B. E., Rothbart, M. K., Voelker, P., & Posner, M. I. (2012) · Child Development Research · doi:10.1155/2012/863242 · Cited by 34
Michelini, G., Cheung, C. H. M., Kitsune, V., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., McLoughlin, G., Asherson, P., Rijsdijk, F., & Kuntsi, J. (2021) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718771191 · Cited by 27
“…our results point to a multifactorial structure of impairments in cognitive and brain function in ADHD, in line with models on ADHD proposing that cognitive and brain dysfunction in the disorder may arise from multiple pathways (Castellanos & Proal, 2012; Halperin & Schulz, 2006; Johnson, 2012).”
Liu, N., Liu, Q., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Fu, G., Zhou, Y., Li, H., Wang, Y., Liu, L., & Qian, Q. (2022) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14032 · Cited by 29
Montes, L. G. A., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Torre, L. B. D. L., Alcántara, H. P., García, R. B. M., Acosta, D. Á., & Bouzas, A. F. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710366421 · Cited by 30
“These noradrenergic and dopaminergic innervations influence the responses of Purkinje cells and likely mediate the therapeutic effects of stimulants in ADHD individuals (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundJusyte, A., Gulewitsch, M. D., & Schönenberg, M. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.066 · Cited by 38
Wiggs, K. K., Elmore, A. L., Nigg, J. T., & Nikolas, M. A. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0142-z · Cited by 31
“lower and higher-order cognitive domains (Halperin and Schulz 2006; Nikolas and Nigg 2013).”
BackgroundSamyn, V., Roeyers, H., Bijttebier, P., & Wiersema, J. R. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712473183 · Cited by 30
Drabick, D. A. G. (2009) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01141.x · Cited by 29
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript supposed to be a hallmark feature (Halperin & Schulz, 2006).”
BackgroundVertessen, K., Luman, M., Staff, A., Bet, P., de Vries, R., Twisk, J., & Oosterlaan, J. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.08.023 · Cited by 29
Halperin, J. M., Marks, D. J., Chacko, A., Bedard, A., O’Neill, S. C., Curchack, J. T., Bourchtein, E., & Berwid, O. G. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00610-w · Cited by 31
Self-citationRoy, A., Oldehinkel, A. J., & Hartman, C. A. (2016) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0160-x · Cited by 29
“Cognitive function is assumed to change throughout development in patients with ADHD and to generally improve with time (Coghill et al. 2014; Halperin and Schulz 2006; Rajendran et al. 2013).”
BackgroundTamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Loren, R. E. A., Becker, S. P., Brenner, S. B., Bamberger, M. E., Peugh, J., & Halperin, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1266645 · Cited by 28
“…early intervention targeting EF has the potential to remediate ongoing attention problems and reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and impairments (Halperin & Schulz, 2006), and it may have a long-term impact on the functional development of these systems (Halperin & Healey, 2011; Rueda,…”
BackgroundSelf-citationVetter, N. C., Backhausen, L. L., Buse, J., Roessner, V., & Smolka, M. N. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24853 · Cited by 23
“ADHD patients show neuropsychological deficits in attention and “cool” executive function such as inhibition and switching (Halperin & Schulz, 2006), while patients with ODD/CD seem to have difficulties in “hot” executive functions including reward and emotion processing (Byrd, Loeber, & Pardini,…”
BackgroundJames, S.-N., Cheung, C. H. M., Rijsdijk, F., Asherson, P., & Kuntsi, J. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.06.003 · Cited by 44
Metadata
- Authors
- Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P.
- Affiliations
- Queens College, CUNY (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 560-581
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2139377807
- Semantic Scholar
- 9b63dbee33341e428d6c3a9a7c386b7dd42c7191
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 298
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- William T. Grant Foundation (97183497)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 MH60698; RO1 MH068206; R21 MH066360)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, prefrontal cortex, neurodevelopmental model, striatum, symptom remission, ADHD pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
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