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Revisiting the role of the prefrontal cortex in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Abstract
Most neural models for the pathophysiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have centered on the prefrontal cortex and its interconnections with the striatum and other subcortical structures. However, research only partially supports these models, and they do not correspond with the development of the prefrontal cortex and its interrelated neurocircuitry. The neural and functional development of the prefrontal cortex more closely parallels recovery from ADHD as indicated by the developmental remission of symptomatology. The authors hypothesize that ADHD is due to noncortical dysfunction that manifests early in ontogeny, remains static throughout the lifetime, and is not associated with the remission of symptomatology. Data supporting this neurodevelopmental model of prefrontal cortex function in ADHD are reviewed. Research and treatment implications are discussed.
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In the citing paper
“they hypothesized that ADHD is caused by non-cortical neural dysfunction that is present early in ontogeny and remains relatively static throughout life.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“Halperin and colleagues (Halperin et al., 2006; Halperin, Marks, & Schulz, 2008) have posited distinct neurocognitive mechanisms for the etiology of and relative recovery from ADHD.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“investigators have increasingly embraced the notion that ADHD is best viewed within the context of a developmental trajectory rather than that of a static medical condition (Halperin et al., 2006; Sagvolden, Johansen, Aase, & Russell, 2005; Sonuga-Barke & Halperin, 2009; Taylor, 1999)”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“they posited that the reduction of symptoms oftentimes seen over development are at least partially accounted for by the degree to which prefrontally-mediated EFs and other higher cortical functions, which emerge throughout childhood and adolescence, can compensate for these more primary and enduring subcortical deficits.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin et al., 2006
In the citing paper
“This intervention is relevant to ADHD given the noted difficulties that many children with ADHD have with EFs (Doyle, 2006; Willcutt et al., 2005) and the notion that improved EF over development should reduce the severity of ADHD symptoms and impairments (Halperin and Schulz, 2006).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Halperin and Schulz, 2006
In the citing paper
“The prefrontal recovery hypothesis [73] postulates that the reduction of ADHD symptoms during adolescence is related to the degree in which prefrontal cognitive control functions (‘cold’ decision-making) compensate for primary and persistent subcortical deficits (‘hot’ decision-making).”
From Risky behavior in gambling tasks in individuals with ADHD–a systematic literature review (2013) · cites this paper as [73]
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Altered response-preparation in patients with adult ADHD: A high-density ERP study
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“…been reported in children and adults with ADHD across various tasks (Castellanos and Tannock, 2002;Castellanos et al., 2005;Bellgrove et al., 2005;Halperin and Schulz, 2006;Johnson et al., 2008), and it has been considered to reflect the markedly inconsistent response style (Suskauer et al.,…”
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“may suggest the presence of (1) neural processes that are markers of remission, improving concurrently with clinical profiles and distinguishing individuals with persistent and remitted ADHD (ADHD “persisters” and “remitters”, respectively); and of (2) enduring deficits that are unrelated to the clinical outcome, rema…”
BackgroundHypoarousal non-stationary ADHD biomarker based on echo-state networksPreprint
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“…conceptualize executive function deficit(s) as underlying causes of ADHD (Barkley, 1997; Kofler, Sarver et al., 2020; Rapport et al., 2001; cf. Halperin & Schulz, 2006; van Lieshout et al., 2013), they tend to be viewed as outcomes of anxiety disorders or involved in development and…”
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“The results are consistent with the model proposed by Halperin and Schultz implicating subcortical anomalies in the development of ADHD and ascribing symptomatic remission to later-occurring prefrontal maturation (2).”
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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“Reviewing the literature, Halperin and Schulz (2006) noted deficits in a wide array of “nonexecutive” functions such as motor coordination, perception, and other cognitive domains in children with ADHD.”
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“Second, blocking NMDA receptors causes an increase in the prefrontal dopamine both in human and nonhuman subjects [91, 92], which is one of the main brain areas with dopamine deficiency in ADHD patients [93, 94].”
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“Other studies have shown that the dysfunction in dopaminergic pathways among ADHD patients can be of different magnitudes (Halperin and Schulz 2006; Volkow, Swanson, and Solomon 2013).”
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“In this line, it has been proposed that at least two neuropsychophysiological dysfunctions could play different roles in ADHD (Halperin & Schulz, 2006): a subcortical dysfunction (more persistent over time and measurable with attentional tasks) and a frontal dysfunction (more sensitive to…”
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Risicovol gedrag op goktaken bij personen met ADHD
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“Explanations on the neuropsychological aspects of ADHD as per available literature imply that the disorder has a pathological basis in descending cortical control systems such as the prefrontal cortex and frontostriatal networks [13].”
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Attention: Awareness and Control
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Coll‐Martín, T., Carretero‐Dios, H., & Lupiáñez, J. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jzk7b · Cited by 1
Carmichael, J. A. (2014) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/26897
Co-occurring ADHD and Substance Abuse : Substance Use Patterns, Motives and Executive Functioning
Stanton, M. R. (2014) · The Scholarship East Carolina University's Institutional Repository (East Carolina University)
Neuroimaging in Child Psychiatry
Durston, S. (2008) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000118528
Trampush, J. W. (2010) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Usher, L., & Amy, M. (2012) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago)
Identity-Based Negative Priming: Individual Differences in Typical and Atypical Development
Pritchard, V. E. (2007) · UC Research Repository (University of Canterbury) · doi:10.26021/6342
The effects of medication on memory in children diagnosed with ADHD
Dunagan, B. J. (2011) · Digital Commons - George Fox University (George Fox University)
Poletti, M. (2008) · CNR Solar (Scientific Open-access Literature Archive and Repository) (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche)
Thompson, T. L. (2014) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483346427.n558
Behavioral, neurocognitive and treatment overlap between attention-deficit/hyperactivity
Skirrow, C., McLoughlin, G., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. J. (2009)
Imeraj, L. (2012) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University)
The Attention Abilities and Grey Matter Development of School Aged Children Born Very Preterm
Lean, R. E. (2015) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7p55krz
Woods, G. (2016) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.177295
A Developmental Perspective on Attention-Defity Disorder (ADHD)
Campbell, S. B. G., Halperin, J. M., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2014)
Self-citationAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents
Marks, D. J., Trampush, J. W., & Chacko, A. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511674815.008
Bensinger-Brody, Y. (2015) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
O’Neill, S. C. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.009
Possible Underlying Mechanisms of Hyperactivity in Children with ADHD
Feirsen, N. (2016) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Aspekte der Zeitverarbeitung bei Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS)
Schlieben, A. C. (2014) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-4643
Simone, A. N. (2017) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Korman, M., Meir-Yalon, L., Egbarieh, N., & Karni, A. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/426916
The not so resting mind: Investigating Neural Activity associated with daydreaming using EEG
Moody, R. (2015) · Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire)
Marques, J. C. F. B. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.39.2019.tde-14062019-152158
Metadata
- Authors
- Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P.
- Affiliations
- Queens College, CUNY (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 560-581
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2139377807
- Semantic Scholar
- 9b63dbee33341e428d6c3a9a7c386b7dd42c7191
- Cited by
- 446
- References
- 298
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- William T. Grant Foundation (97183497)
- National Institute of Mental Health (RO1 MH60698; RO1 MH068206; R21 MH066360)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, prefrontal cortex, neurodevelopmental model, striatum, symptom remission, ADHD pathophysiology
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Humans, Prefrontal Cortex
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