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Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis.
Abstract
Disclosing information, thoughts, and feelings about personal and meaningful topics (experimental disclosure) is purported to have various health and psychological consequences (e.g., J. W. Pennebaker, 1993). Although the results of 2 small meta-analyses (P. G. Frisina, J. C. Borod, & S. J. Lepore, 2004; J. M. Smyth, 1998) suggest that experimental disclosure has a positive and significant effect, both used a fixed effects approach, limiting generalizability. Also, a plethora of studies on experimental disclosure have been completed that were not included in the previous analyses. One hundred forty-six randomized studies of experimental disclosure were collected and included in the present meta-analysis. Results of random effects analyses indicate that experimental disclosure is effective, with a positive and significant average r-effect size of .075. In addition, a number of moderators were identified.
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“It can be derived from literature, that therapeutic writing can be helpful for people and some researcher highlight the potential of the paradigm: Small benefits are consistently reported and the paradigm can be easily provided to a large number of individuals online at low-cost (Kállay, 2015; Frattaroli, 2006; Nyssen et al., 2016).”
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“Additionally, future studies should comprise more sessions, as more sessions have been found to have a larger effect on overall wellbeing (Frattaroli, 2006).”
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“A meta-analysis has found that expressive writing in various formats can improve physical and psychological health outcomes [41].”
From Efficacy of a web-based, crowdsourced peer-to-peer cognitive reappraisal platform for depression: Randomized controlled trial (2015) · cites this paper as [41]
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“Receiving and, most importantly, expressing emotional content in online discussion groups have been shown to be associated with better outcomes [30-33].”
BackgroundRandomised trial of expressive writing for distressed metastatic breast cancer patients
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Expressive Writing and Wound Healing in Older Adults
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“The benefits derived from expressive writing interventions are robust, with demonstrated effects on psychological health, physical health, and immune parameters (17).”
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Promoting Adaptive Emotion Regulation and Coping in Adolescence
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“How do our findings on gender differences compare with other emotional disclosure literature? In the largest meta-analysis to date, Frattaroli (2006) reviewed 146 emotional disclosure randomized studies and found no gender differences on mental or physical health outcomes. However, a large proportion of these studies…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialVariations in the spacing of expressive writing sessions
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The Effects of Expressive Writing on Postpartum Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
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“Over the past 25 years, several meta-analyses ( Smyth, 1998 ; Frisina, Borod, & Lepore, 2004 ; Frattaroli, 2006 ), have yielded evidence of positive eff ects among several adult populations: undergraduate students ( Gortner, Rude, & Pennebaker, 2006 ; see Smyth, 1998 , for a meta-analytic review),…”
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“Prior work reported participants’ short-term distress after writing about traumatic events [27, 28, 83].”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Frattaroli, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Corresponding author
- Frattaroli, Joanne
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 132
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 823-865
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2031791082
- Cited by
- 1,502
- References
- 157
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 90 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 142 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 124 · 2015: 88 · 2014: 85 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 52.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health via Writing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- expressive writing, random effects models, effect size
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attitude to Health, Female, Health Status, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Mental Health, Self Disclosure, Time Factors, Writing, Expressed Emotion, Disclosure
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