The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability.
Abstract
Reliability coefficients often take the form of intraclass correlation coefficients. In this article, guidelines are given for choosing among six different forms of the intraclass correlation for reliability studies in which n target are rated by k judges. Relevant to the choice of the coefficient are the appropriate statistical model for the reliability and the application to be made of the reliability results. Confidence intervals for each of the forms are reviewed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“As a result, the inter-rater agreement was quite high for categorical variables (mean Cohen's kappa = 0.73, SD = 0.13) and for continuous variables (mean intraclass correlation [26] = 0.80, SD = .14).”
From Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review (2010) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“we used the methodology Shrout and Fleiss (1979) describe and computed the Shrout-Fleiss single ICC score agreement of .998, which is considered quite high (Koo and Li 2016).”
From Driving Brand Engagement Through Online Social Influencers: An Empirical Investigation of Sponsored Blogging Campaigns (2019) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss (1979)
In the citing paper
“In contrast, Cohen's quadratically weighted kappa converges to two-factor intraclass correlation coefficients with random and fixed raters (i.e., the so-called ICC (2,1) and ICC(3,1) coefficients), where the items and raters are the two factors (Carrasco, 2010;Fleiss & Cohen, 1973;Janson & Olsson, 2001;Schuster, 2004;Schuster & Smith, 2005;Shrout & Fleiss, 1979;Warrens, 2014).”
From Quadratically Weighted Agreement Coefficients: Interpretations and Connections (2026) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“A sample of 11% of video data was double coded by the researcher and an experienced coder (the developer of CHIPPA). Inter‐rater reliability was based on intra‐class correlation (ICC) statistics from the mean rating for the two coders (k = 2) using a two‐way mixed effects consistency model (see Table 2 below) and resulted in good to excellent reliability across the CHIPPA subscales (Koo & Li, 2016”
From A plausible role of imagination in pretend play, counterfactual reasoning, and executive functions (2023) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“The results suggest that coders showed high agreement (intraclass correlation [2, 1] = 0.85; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“Interrater reliability of the pre- and posttreatment assessments was excellent (intraclass correlations [2, 1] = 0.97 and 0.96, respectively; Shrout & Fleiss, 1979).”
From Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. (2010) · cites this paper as Shrout & Fleiss, 1979
In the citing paper
“ICC decomposes observed variance into between-query variance (task difficulty) and within-query variance (agent inconsistency), highlighting whether reported results reflect true capability or measurement noise.”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“The ICC quantifies the proportion of total variance attributable to differences between tasks and can be understood as a function of both the difficulty of the dataset (variance between tasks) and the consistency of the agent (variance within tasks).”
From Stochasticity in Agentic Evaluations: Quantifying Inconsistency with Intraclass Correlation (2025) · cites this paper as Shrout and Fleiss 1979
In the citing paper
“Reproducibility of the final placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid volume in millilitres was assessed using the ICC (2,1) [37], [38] for inter-observer repeatability between the semi-automated Random Walker results, regarded as the ground-truth used for performance evaluation, and the newly generated FCNN outputs.”
From Fully Automated 3-D Ultrasound Segmentation of the Placenta, Amniotic Fluid, and Fetus for Early Pregnancy Assessment (2021) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests
Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312006001112 · Cited by 8,013
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
Snedecor, G. W., & Cochran, W. G. (1967) · Cited by 6,573
Scheffé, H. (1960) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-196006000-00016 · Cited by 5,625
An Approximate Distribution of Estimates of Variance Components
Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946) · Biometrics Bulletin · doi:10.2307/3002019 · Cited by 4,373
The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient as a Measure of Reliability
Bartko, J. (1966) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1966.19.1.3 · Cited by 2,206
Statistics for the social sciences
Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081
The theory of the estimation of test reliability
Kuder, G. F., & Richardson, M. W. (1937) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02288391 · Cited by 1,953
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 23,883
Comprehensive validation of the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale
Calderwood, A. H., & Jacobson, B. C. (2010) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2010.06.068 · Cited by 442
Anhedonia, Positive and Negative Affect, and Social Functioning in Schizophrenia
Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (1998) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033336 · Cited by 439
Li, Q., Maggitti, P. G., Smith, K. G., Tesluk, P. E., & Katila, R. (2012) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.0844 · Cited by 439
The influence of sociocultural factors on body image: A meta-analysis.
Cafri, G., Yamamiya, Y., Brannick, M. Τ., & Thompson, J. K. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpi053 · Cited by 438
Leadership self‐efficacy and managers' motivation for leading change
Paglis, L. L., & Green, S. G. (2002) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.137 · Cited by 439
Reliability and Validity of DSM-IV Axis V
Hilsenroth, M. J., Ackerman, S. J., Blagys, M. D., Baumann, B. D., Baity, M. R., Smith, S. R., Price, J. L., Smith, C. L., Heindselman, T. L., Mount, M. K., et al. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1858 · Cited by 437
Jette, A. M., Haley, S. M., Coster, W. J., Kooyoomjian, J. T., Levenson, S., Heeren, T., & Ashba, J. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.4.m209 · Cited by 435
McAlinden, C., Khadka, J., & Pesudovs, K. (2011) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00851.x · Cited by 436
Segal, Z. V., Teasdale, J. D., Williams, J. M., & Gemar, M. C. (2002) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.320 · Cited by 432
The Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL-R)
Hart, S. D., Hare, R. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9101-3_4 · Cited by 434
Disrupted Functional Brain Connectome in Individuals at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Wang, J., Zuo, X., Dai, Z., Xia, M., Zhao, Z., Zhao, X., Jia, J., Han, Y., & He, Y. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.026 · Cited by 432
Sterling, M. M., Jull, G. A., & Wright, A. (2001) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1054/math.2000.0378 · Cited by 431
McLester, C. N., Nickerson, B. S., Kliszczewicz, B. M., & McLester, J. R. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Densitometry · doi:10.1016/j.jocd.2018.10.008 · Cited by 444
An occupational information system for the 21st century: The development of O*NET.
Peterson, N. G., Mumford, M. D., Borman, W., Jeanneret, P., & Fleishman, E. (1999) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10313-000 · Cited by 426
Reliability of conditioned pain modulation: a systematic review
Kennedy, D. L., Kemp, H. I., Ridout, D., Yarnitsky, D., & Rice, A. S. C. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000689 · Cited by 456
Mousavi, S. J., Parnianpour, M., Mehdian, H., Montazeri, A., & Mobini, B. (2006) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000222141.61424.f7 · Cited by 442
Testing How Management Matters in an Era of Government by Performance Management
Moynihan, D. P. (2004) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mui016 · Cited by 428
Hummel, P., Puchalski, M. L., Creech, S., et al. (2007) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211861 · Cited by 428
Differential aging of the medial temporal lobe
Raz, N., Rodrigue, K. M., Head, D. M., Kennedy, K. M., & Acker, J. D. (2004) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000106466.09835.46 · Cited by 441
Leijenaar, R. T. H., Carvalho, S., Velazquez, E. R., van Elmpt, W., Parmar, C., Hoekstra, O. S., Hoekstra, C. J., Boellaard, R., Dekker, A. L. A. J., Gillies, R. J., et al. (2013) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.3109/0284186x.2013.812798 · Cited by 428
Assessing intrarater, interrater, and test-retest reliability of continuous measurements
Rousson, V., Gasser, T., & Seifert, B. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1253 · Cited by 415
McQueen, F. M., Benton, N., Perry, D. H., Crabbe, J., Robinson, E. T., Yeoman, S., McLean, L., & Stewart, N. R. (2003) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.11162 · Cited by 423
Morgeson, F. P. (2005) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.3.497 · Cited by 447
The Social Construction of Meaning: An Alternative Perspective on Information Sharing
Miranda, S. M., & Saunders, C. (2003) · Information Systems Research · doi:10.1287/isre.14.1.87.14765 · Cited by 421
Sensitivity to Change of the Roland-Morris Back Pain Questionnaire: Part 1
Stratford, P. W., Binkley, J. M., Riddle, D. L., & Guyatt, G. H. (1998) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/78.11.1186 · Cited by 427
Parsons, S. D., Kruijt, A., & Fox, E. (2019) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2515245919879695 · Cited by 450
The Patient-Specific Functional Scale: Validation of Its Use in Persons With Neck Dysfunction
Westaway, M. D., Stratford, P. W., & Binkley, J. M. (1998) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1998.27.5.331 · Cited by 431
Leijenaar, R. T. H., Nalbantov, G. I., Carvalho, S., van Elmpt, W., Troost, E. G. C., Boellaard, R., Aerts, H. J. W. L., Gillies, R. J., & Lambin, P. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep11075 · Cited by 425
Einfeld, S., & Tonge, B. J. (1995) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02178498 · Cited by 424
Tomarken, A. J., Davidson, R. J., Wheeler, R. E., & Kinney, L. (1992) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02034.x · Cited by 425
Free to be you and me: A climate of authenticity alleviates burnout from emotional labor.
Grandey, A. A., Foo, S. C., Groth, M., & Goodwin, R. E. (2011) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0025102 · Cited by 444
Racial microaggressions against African American clients in cross-racial counseling relationships.
Constantine, M. G. (2007) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.54.1.1 · Cited by 481
Differentiating the effects of status and power: A justice perspective.
Blader, S. L., & Chen, Y.-R. (2012) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0026651 · Cited by 427
Dubey, R., Gunasekaran, A., Childe, S. J., Roubaud, D., Wamba, S. F., Giannakis, M., & Foropon, C. R. H. (2019) · International Journal of Production Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.01.023 · Cited by 478
Yan, C.-G., Craddock, R. C., Zuo, X.-N., Zang, Y.-F., & Milham, M. P. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.081 · Cited by 440
Copying actions and copying outcomes: Social learning through the second year.
Nielsen, M. (2006) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.3.555 · Cited by 422
Oremus, M., Wolfson, C. M., Perrault, A., Demers, L., Momoli, F., & Moride, Y. (2001) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000051263 · Cited by 426
Chewing on It Can Chew You Up: Effects of Rumination on Triggered Displaced Aggression.
Bushman, B. J., Bonacci, A. M., Pedersen, W. C., Vasquez, E. A., & Miller, N. (2005) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.6.969 · Cited by 422
Risk factors for preoperative anxiety in adults
Caumo, W., Schmidt, A. P., Schneider, C. N., Bergmann, J., Iwamoto, C. W., Bandeira, D. R., & Ferreira, M. B. C. (2001) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2001.045003298.x · Cited by 429
What We Say Is Not What We Do: Effective Evaluation of Faculty Professional Development Programs
Ebert-May, D., Derting, T. L., Hodder, J., Momsen, J. L., Long, T. M., & Jardeleza, S. E. (2011) · BioScience · doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.7.9 · Cited by 420
Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2005) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2005.04.005 · Cited by 417
Manchia, M., Adli, M., Akula, N., Ardau, R., Aubry, J., Backlund, L., Banzato, C. E. M., Baune, B. T., Bellivier, F., Bengesser, S., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065636 · Cited by 413
Dynamic Development of Regional Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Early Childhood
Lyall, A. E., Shi, F., Geng, X., Woolson, S., Li, G., Wang, L., Hamer, R. M., Shen, D., & Gilmore, J. H. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu027 · Cited by 376
Wang, J.-H., Zuo, X.-N., Gohel, S., Milham, M. P., Biswal, B. B., & He, Y. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021976 · Cited by 416
Abnormal Processing of Affective Words by Psychopaths
Williamson, S., Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1991) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1991.tb02192.x · Cited by 417
Efficacy of Disulfiram and Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Cocaine-DependentOutpatients
Carroll, K. M., Fenton, L. R., Ball, S. A., Nich, C., Frankforter, T. L., Shi, J. M., & Rounsaville, B. J. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.3.264 · Cited by 415
Job satisfaction and teamwork: the role of supervisor support
Griffin, M. A., Patterson, M. G., & West, M. A. (2001) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.101 · Cited by 413
Bierly, P. E., & Daly, P. S. (2007) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00185.x · Cited by 421
Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712609x414204 · Cited by 414
Li, W., Li, W., Seppänen, V., & Koivumäki, T. (2022) · Business Strategy and the Environment · doi:10.1002/bse.3177 · Cited by 485
Does stereotype threat influence performance of girls in stereotyped domains? A meta-analysis
Flore, P. C., & Wicherts, J. M. (2015) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2014.10.002 · Cited by 410
Haley, S. M., Jette, A. M., Coster, W. J., Kooyoomjian, J. T., Levenson, S., Heeren, T., & Ashba, J. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/57.4.m217 · Cited by 413
Beaton, D. E., Hogg‐Johnson, S., & Bombardier, C. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00296-x · Cited by 406
Langfred, C. W. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.26279196 · Cited by 419
Krauss, S. I., Fresé, M., Friedrich, C., & Unger, J. (2005) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/13594320500170227 · Cited by 408
Development of a Scale for Patient Rating of Wrist Pain and Disability
MacDermid, J. C. (1996) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0894-1130(96)80076-7 · Cited by 405
Normal Range of Motion of the Cervical Spine: An Initial Goniometric Study
Youdas, J. W., Garrett, T. R., Suman, V. J., Bogard, C. L., Hallman, H. O., & Carey, J. R. (1992) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/72.11.770 · Cited by 401
WHAT EXECUTIVES NOTICE: ACCURATE PERCEPTIONS IN TOP MANAGEMENT TEAMS.
Sutcliffe, K. M. (1994) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.2307/256677 · Cited by 403
A Meta‐Analytic Investigation of Job Applicant Faking on Personality Measures
Birkeland, S. A., Manson, T. M., Kisamore, J. L., Brannick, M. Τ., & Smith, M. A. (2006) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00354.x · Cited by 400
Interrater Reliability and Agreement
Tinsley, H. E. A., & Weiss, D. J. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012691360-6/50005-7 · Cited by 411
The crossover of daily work engagement: Test of an actor–partner interdependence model.
Bakker, A. B., & Xanthopoulou, D. (2009) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017525 · Cited by 435
Huang, S., Hsieh, C., Wu, R., Tai, C., Lin, C., & Lu, W.-S. (2010) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20090126 · Cited by 404
Jamil, A., Batsikadze, G., Kuo, H.-I., Labruna, L., Hasan, A., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. (2017) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272738 · Cited by 366
Seguí‐Crespo, M., Cabrero‐García, J., Crespo, A., Soriano, J. V., & Ronda, E. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.01.015 · Cited by 429
Contextual sensitivity in scientific reproducibility
Van Bavel, J. J., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Brady, W. J., & Reinero, D. A. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1521897113 · Cited by 398
Cleland, J. A., Fritz, J. M., Whitman, J. M., & Palmer, J. (2006) · Spine · doi:10.1097/01.brs.0000201241.90914.22 · Cited by 399
Emergent leaders as managers of group emotion
Pescosolido, A. T. (2002) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/s1048-9843(02)00145-5 · Cited by 423
Goniometric Reliability in a Clinical Setting
Riddle, D. L., Rothstein, J. M., & Lamb, R. L. (1987) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/67.5.668 · Cited by 398
Yosipovitch, G., Reaney, M. D., Mastey, V., Eckert, L., Abbé, A., Nelson, L. M., Clark, M., Williams, N., Chen, Z., Ardeleanu, M., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.17744 · Cited by 405
Raunig, D. L., McShane, L. M., Pennello, G. A., Gatsonis, C. A., Carson, P. L., Voyvodic, J. T., Wahl, R. L., Kurland, B. F., Schwarz, A. J., Gönen, M., et al. (2014) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280214537344 · Cited by 395
Bondarenko, O., Beek, A. M., Hofman, M. B. M., Kühl, H. P., Twisk, J. W. R., van Dockum, W. G., Visser, C. A., & van Rossum, A. C. (2005) · Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance · doi:10.1081/jcmr-200053623 · Cited by 394
Psychopathy, antisocial personality, and suicide risk.
Verona, E., Patrick, C. J., & Joiner, T. E. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.110.3.462 · Cited by 395
Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality.
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016229 · Cited by 429
A Multilevel Model of Employee Innovation
Wallace, J. C., Butts, M. M., Johnson, P. D., Stevens, F. G., & Smith, M. B. (2013) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/0149206313506462 · Cited by 420
Effects of executive departures on the performance of acquired firms
Cannella, A. A., & Hambrick, D. C. (1993) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.4250140911 · Cited by 394
Ramírez‐Esparza, N., García‐Sierra, A., & Kuhl, P. K. (2014) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12172 · Cited by 380
Patriat, R., Molloy, E. K., Meier, T. B., Kirk, G. R., Nair, V. A., Meyerand, M. E., Prabhakaran, V., & Birn, R. M. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.013 · Cited by 402
Amide proton transfer imaging of adult diffuse gliomas: correlation with histopathological grades
Togao, O., Yoshiura, T., Keupp, J., et al. (2013) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/not158 · Cited by 392
A Multilevel Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences of Team Member Boundary-Spanning Behavior
Marrone, J. A., Tesluk, P. E., & Carson, J. B. (2007) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2007.28225967 · Cited by 405
Hyler, S. E., Skodol, A. E., Kellman, H. D., Oldham, J. M., & Rosnick, L. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.8.1043 · Cited by 390
Reliability and validity of the SF-12 health survey among people with severe mental illness
Salyers, M. P., Bosworth, H. B., Swanson, J. W., Lamb-Pagone, J., & Osher, F. C. (2000) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200011000-00008 · Cited by 390
Stability over time of variables measuring heart rate variability in normal subjects
Kleiger, R. E., Bigger, J. T., Bosner, M. S., Chung, M. K., Cook, J. R., Rolnitzky, L. M., Steinman, R. C., & Fleiss, J. L. (1991) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(91)90355-o · Cited by 394
Self-citationReliability and validity of measures obtained from stroke patients using the balance master
Liston, R. A. L., & Brouwer, B. J. (1996) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90028-3 · Cited by 390
Rentfrow, P. J., & Gosling, S. D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01691.x · Cited by 392
Wald, H. S., Borkan, J. M., Taylor, J. S., Anthony, D., & Reis, S. P. (2012) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e31823b55fa · Cited by 391
Speed, Change of Direction Speed, and Reactive Agility of Rugby League Players
Gabbett, T. J., Kelly, J., & Sheppard, J. M. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815ef700 · Cited by 389
State of the Evidence on Simulation-Based Training for Laparoscopic Surgery
Zendejas, B., Brydges, R., Hamstra, S. J., & Cook, D. A. (2013) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e318288c40b · Cited by 390
Understanding Emotions in Text Using Deep Learning and Big Data
Chatterjee, A., Gupta, U., Chinnakotla, M. K., Srikanth, R., Galley, M., & Agrawal, P. (2018) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.029 · Cited by 406
Test-Retest Reliability of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children
March, J. S., Sullivan, K., & Parker, J. D. A. (1999) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(99)00009-2 · Cited by 404
Carroll, K. M. (2000) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00049-6 · Cited by 386
The Five-Factor Model plus Dominance in Chimpanzee Personality
King, J. E., & Figueredo, A. J. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2179 · Cited by 395
Progression of radiologic damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in clinical remission
Molenaar, E. T. H., Voskuyl, A. E., Dinant, H. J., Bezemer, P. D., Boers, M., & Dijkmans, B. A. C. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.11481 · Cited by 384
Klein, C. R., DiazGranados, D., Salas, E., Le, H., Burke, C. S., Lyons, R., & Goodwin, G. F. (2009) · Small Group Research · doi:10.1177/1046496408328821 · Cited by 447
Kennedy, M. I., Claes, S., Fuso, F. A. F., et al. (2015) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546515578253 · Cited by 381
Measuring Friedreich ataxia: Interrater reliability of a neurologic rating scale
Subramony, S. H., May, W., Lynch, D. R., Gomez, C. M., Fischbeck, K. H., Hallett, M., Taylor, J. P., Wilson, R., & Ashizawa, T. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000156802.15466.79 · Cited by 381
Cognitive Processing of Self-Report Items in Educational Research: Do They Think What We Mean?
Karabenick, S. A., Woolley, M. E., Friedel, J. M., Ammon, B. V., BLAZEVSKI, J., Bonney, C. R., de Groot, E., Gilbert, M. C., Musu, L. E., Kempler, T. M., et al. (2007) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520701416231 · Cited by 417
Abuse: a risk factor for low birth weight? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Murphy, C. C., Schei, B., Myhr, T. L., & Mont, J. D. (2001) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 381
Identifying Psychopathy Subtypes on the Basis of Personality Structure.
Hicks, B. M., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., & Newman, J. P. (2004) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.16.3.276 · Cited by 405
Goniometric Reliability in a Clinical Setting
Elveru, R. A., Rothstein, J. M., & Lamb, R. L. (1988) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/68.5.672 · Cited by 380
Bolgla, L. A., Malone, T., Umberger, B. R., & Uhl, T. L. (2008) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2008.2462 · Cited by 377
Metadata
- Authors
- Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Shrout, Patrick E.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1979
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 420-428
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2141403362
- Cited by
- 24,532
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1452 · 2025: 1085 · 2024: 998 · 2023: 1023 · 2022: 1083 · 2021: 1379 · 2020: 1189 · 2019: 1116 · 2018: 1178 · 2017: 1113 · 2016: 1106 · 2015: 1057 · 2014: 1172 · 2013: 1044 · 2012: 914
- FWCI
- 13.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Keywords
- intraclass correlation coefficient, rater reliability, inter-rater reliability, reliability coefficients, confidence intervals, multiple raters
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Reproducibility of Results, Models, Statistical
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
