Dynamic Development of Regional Cortical Thickness and Surface Area in Early Childhood
Open accessAbstract
Cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are altered in many neuropsychiatric disorders and are correlated with cognitive functioning. Little is known about how these components of cortical gray matter develop in the first years of life. We studied the longitudinal development of regional CT and SA expansion in healthy infants from birth to 2 years. CT and SA have distinct and heterogeneous patterns of development that are exceptionally dynamic; overall CT increases by an average of 36.1%, while cortical SA increases 114.6%. By age 2, CT is on average 97% of adult values, compared with SA, which is 69%. This suggests that early identification, prevention, and intervention strategies for neuropsychiatric illness need to be targeted to this period of rapid postnatal brain development, and that SA expansion is the principal driving factor in cortical volume after 2 years of age.
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The observed sequence fits the presence of basic touch and vision at birth and findings that primary sensory cortex matures earliest.
“These trends are consistent with the presence of basic somatosensory and visual functions at birth, and help contextualize findings that primary sensory regions are generally the first cortical areas to reach plateaus or peaks in growth (Geng et al., 2016; Gilmore et al., 2012; Lyall et al., 2015; Scott et al., 2015).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Lyall et al., 2015
Recent imaging studies in early childhood have begun to reveal the very rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development.
“Recently, however, imaging studies in early childhood have begun to illuminate the extremely rapid pace of postnatal structural and functional brain development3–6.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Average cortical thickness increases by 31% in the first year and an additional 4.3% in the second year; by age two mean cortical thickness is about 97% of adult values.
“Average cortical thickness increases by an average of 31% in year 1 and an additional 4.3% in the second year; by age 2, the mean cortical thickness is about 97% of the values observed in adults4.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Regional heterogeneity of cortical thickness seen in adults is established at birth and persists through age two into adulthood.
“Regional heterogeneity of cortical thickness observed in adults is well established at birth and persists through age 2 years into adulthood4,26.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
Cortical surface area expands by 76% from birth in the first year and another 22% in the second year; by age two the mean surface area is about 69% of adult values.
“Cortical surface area expands by 76% from birth in year 1 and another 22% in year 2; by age 2 years, the mean surface area is about 69% of adult values4,23.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
The postnatal sex difference in brain volume is probably driven by differences in surface area expansion, because global and regional cortical thickness trajectories are highly similar in males and females.
“These differences are probably driven by differences in surface area expansion, as the maturational trajectories of global and regional cortical thickness are highly similar in males and females4, 20, 27.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [4]
In neonates and infants, studies suggest a complex pattern of cortical development that varies based on anatomical location and cortical metric.
“In general, studies suggest a complex pattern of development that varies based on anatomical location and cortical metric.”
From Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1–6 years of age (2017) · cites this paper as Lyall et al., 2015
Neonates show rapid expansions from baseline cortical surface area of about 114.6%, reaching 69.1% of adult values by age 2.
“Neonates show rapid expansions from baseline cortical surface area of about 114.6%, reaching 69.1% of adult values by age 2 (Lyall et al., 2015).”
From Quantifying cortical development in typically developing toddlers and young children, 1–6 years of age (2017) · cites this paper as Lyall et al., 2015
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Self-citationStructural and Maturational Covariance in Early Childhood Brain Development
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- Authors
- Lyall, A. E., Shi, F., Geng, X., Woolson, S., Li, G., Wang, L., Hamer, R. M., Shen, D., & Gilmore, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lyall, Amanda E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-03-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2204-2212
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4506327
- OpenAlex
- W2152444032
- Cited by
- 376
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 21.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (MH070890, MH064065, HD053000)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG042599, R01AG041721, AG 042599, AG041721)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH100217, U01MH070890, MH064065, R01MH100217, MH070890, P50MH064065, R01MH070890)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (EB006733, EB009634, EB008374, R01EB008374, R01EB009634, R01EB006733)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD053000, HD053000)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Fetal and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- cortical thickness, cortical surface area, cortical expansion, early childhood brain development, postnatal brain development, infant brain, cortical gray matter, cortical volume, longitudinal development, neuropsychiatric disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Prospective Studies, Random Allocation, Sex Characteristics, Gray Matter
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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