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Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Abstract
In a variety of situations in psychological research, it is desirable to be able to make statistical comparisons between correlation coefficients measured on the same individuals. For example, an experimenter may wish to assess whether two predictors correlate equally with a criterion variable. In another situation, the experimenter may wish to test the hypothesis that an entire matrix of correlations has remained stable over time. The present article reviews the literature on such tests, points out some statistics that should be avoided, and presents a variety of techniques that can be used safely with medium to large samples. Several illustrative numerical examples are provided.
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“As seen in Table 4, all between-subscale differences in correlation coefficients were statistically significant (all ps < 0.001).”
From Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas) (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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“Under certain regularity conditions (Steiger 1980) this statistic is asymptotically distributed as chi-squared with one degree of freedom.”
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“To assess the lateralization of the observed MD finding, we compared the correlations in each auditory cortex statistically using Fisher’s r-to-Z transformation (Steiger, 1980).”
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Bolt, T., Nomi, J. S., Rubinov, M., & Uddin, L. Q. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23500 · Cited by 104
“For each task, a modified z-test for assessing the significance of the difference between two dependent correlation coefficients [Steiger, 1980] was used to test whether the average correlation in hubness values between that task and all other tasks was stronger than the correlation between that task and the resting-s…”
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“…Psychiatric Rating Scale; PCL-R Psychopathy Checklist–Revised; VRAG Violence Risk Appraisal Guide. a Represents a significant difference between SCI and FD in terms of the magnitude of their respective correlations with this criterion measure (see, generally, Steiger, 1980). p .05. p .01. p .001.”
Görmez, V., Kılınçaslan, A., Ebesutani, C. K., Örengül, A. C., Kaya, İ., Çeri, V., Nasıroğlu, S., Filiz, M., & Chorpita, B. F. (2017) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-017-0716-1 · Cited by 105
“Steiger’s Z-tests [61] were employed to determine whether the difference between correlations were statistically significant and z-scores were calculated.”
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“While all correlations show a significant relationship, further analyses were completed to compare the strength of the correlations taking into account the covariance matrix given that the correlations were from the same participants and the measures dependent (Steiger, 1980).”
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Working hard and working smart: Motivation and ability during typical and maximum performance.
Klehe, U., & Anderson, N. R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.978 · Cited by 103
Renshaw, K. D., Allen, E. S., RHOADES, G. K., Blais, R. K., Markman, H. J., & Stanley, S. M. (2011) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023994 · Cited by 100
“…our hypothesis, the correlation of the MASQ with trauma-specific items on the PCL was significantly lower than the correlations of the MASQ with both generic symptoms, t(163) 3.20, p .01, and the total score, t(165) 5.65, p .001 (see Steiger, 1980, for formulas to compare correlation magnitudes).”
MethodInfluentialDiscrimination of Voice Pitch and Vocal-Tract Length in Cochlear Implant Users
Gaudrain, É., & Başkent, D. (2017) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000480 · Cited by 100
“The man JNDs seem more strongly correlated with F0 [r2 = 0.91; t(9) = 9.27; p < 0.001] than with VTL [r2 = 0.63; t(9) = 3.91; p < 0.01], although the comparison of these two correlation coefficients only approached significance [z = 1.89; p = 0.059; Steiger 1980].”
BackgroundInfluentialInterpretable Predictions of Clinical Outcomes with An Attention-based Recurrent Neural Network
Sha, Y., & Wang, M. D. (2017) · ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology, and Health Informatics (ACM-BCB) · doi:10.1145/3107411.3107445 · Cited by 102
“Using Steiger’s test [34], which is a statistical test for comparing two dependent correlations, we find the two”
MethodHow Human Amygdala and Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis May Drive Distinct Defensive Responses
Klumpers, F., Kroes, M. C. W., Baas, J. M. P., & Fernández, G. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3830-16.2017 · Cited by 101
“5B) and, more importantly, a direct statistical comparison (Steiger, 1980; Meng et al., 1992) revealed the CTQ correlation was indeed stronger for the amygdala (z 2.7; p 0.007).”
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Loggia, M. L., Mogil, J. S., & Bushnell, M. C. (2008) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.03.014 · Cited by 100
Marshall, G. N., Orlando, M., Jaycox, L. H., Foy, D. W., & Belzberg, H. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.2.123 · Cited by 104
Foy, J. G., & Mann, V. A. (2006) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2006.00279.x · Cited by 99
“Dunn and Clark z tests (Dunn & Clark, 1969; Steiger, 1980) revealed that these predictors were not significantly different in predictive strength.”
BackgroundGestsdóttir, S., Bowers, E. P., von Eye, A., Napolitano, C. M., & Lerner, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9537-2 · Cited by 109
Bowling, N. A., & Burns, G. N. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.009 · Cited by 98
“Hypothesis 1, which predicted that work-specific personality would be a better predictor of work-related criteria than would general personality, was tested using Steiger’s (1980) z-test of differences in dependent correlations.”
MethodBianco, M., Bressoux, P., Doyen, A., Lambert, E. G., Lima, L., Pellenq, C., & Zorman, M. (2010) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888430903117518 · Cited by 98
“Concentrating on Time 1, the three initial measures are significantly correlated, with phonological awareness and vocabulary sharing an equivalent correlation with comprehension (according to Steiger's test [1980 ], t 8 = 1.”
BackgroundPartialling Factor Scores Does Not Control Method Variance: A Reply to Podsakoff and Todor
Kemery, E. R., & Dunlap, W. P. (1986) · Journal of Management · doi:10.1177/014920638601200407 · Cited by 98
Computation of Standard Errors
Dowd, B. E., Greene, W. H., & Norton, E. C. (2013) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.12122 · Cited by 98
Path Analysis of Self-Efficacy and Diving Performance Revisited
Feltz, D. L., Chow, G. M., & Hepler, T. J. (2008) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.30.3.401 · Cited by 98
“Because self-efficacy is conceptualized as residual self-efficacy in the RPPRSE model and thus is not the same variable as in the raw and residual models (raw self-efficacy), we used Steiger’s Z (Steiger, 1980) rather than Olkin and Finn (1995; Model D) to compare the partial correlations.”
MethodPore-Scale Characterization of Two-Phase Flow Using Integral Geometry
Liu, Z., Herring, A. L., Arns, C. H., Berg, S., & Armstrong, R. T. (2017) · Transport in Porous Media · doi:10.1007/s11242-017-0849-5 · Cited by 97
“The correlation matrix has been widely used to investigate the strength of association between multiple variables (Steiger 1980).”
MethodBanas, J. A., & Richards, A. (2017) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637751.2017.1307999 · Cited by 75
“For H2–H4, we conducted tests of difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common (see Steiger, 1980).”
MethodWu, J., & Cheng, T. (2018) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.08.016 · Cited by 113
Kryś, K., Zelenski, J. M., Capaldi, C. A., Park, J., van Tilburg, W. A. P., van Osch, Y., Haas, B. W., Bond, M. H., Domínguez-Espinosa, A. D. C., Xing, C., et al. (2019) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12364 · Cited by 109
“When comparing correlation coefficients, we employed the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common (Steiger, 1980).”
MethodLim, K., Peh, O. H., Yang, Z., Rekhi, G., Rapisarda, A., See, Y. M., Rashid, N. A. A., Ang, M. S., Lee, S.-A., Sim, K., et al. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102732 · Cited by 99
Natural Occurrence of Subjective Aging Experiences in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Miche, M., Wahl, H., Diehl, M. K., Oswald, F., Kaspar, R., & Kolb, M. (2013) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbs164 · Cited by 104
Furlow, C. F., & Beretvas, S. N. (2005) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.10.2.227 · Cited by 97
“The use of Fisher’s transformation results in a more normal distribution even when there are smaller sample sizes and the population correlation is an extremely large value (Steiger, 1980).”
MethodCoping with moral commitment to long-distance dating relationships.
Lydon, J. E., Pierce, T., & O'Regan, S. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.104 · Cited by 96
Predicting aggressive behavior with the aggressiveness‐IAT
Banse, R., Messer, M., & Fischer, I. (2014) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21574 · Cited by 99
“This latter correlation difference was significant according to a t-test for correlation differences in dependent samples, t (39)¼ 2.29, p .05 (Steiger, 1980).”
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Frontoparietal Tracts Linked to Lateralized Hand Preference and Manual Specialization
Howells, H., de Schotten, M. T., Dell’Acqua, F., Beyh, A., Zappalà, G., Leslie, A., Simmons, A., Murphy, D., & Catani, M. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy040 · Cited by 96
Testing Cross-Section Correlation in Panel Data Using Spacings
Ng, S. (2005) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.1198/073500105000000171 · Cited by 96
“Otherwise, the asymptotic covariance of correlation coefficients can be approximated by the delta method and shown to be a function of the true underlying correlations (see Olkin and Finn 1990; Steiger 1980; Meng, Rosenthal, and Rubin 1992).”
MethodSuicide risk assessment in a college student population.
Gutierrez, P. M., Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., & Bagge, C. L. (2000) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.47.4.403 · Cited by 97
Examining the construct validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory.
Espelage, D. L., Mazzeo, S. E., Aggen, S. H., Quittner, A. L., Sherman, R. T., & Thompson, R. A. (2003) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.1.71 · Cited by 96
“Using Steiger’s (1980) quadratic form asymptotic chi-square staTable 3 Descriptives, Interscale Correlations, and Internal Consistency Coefficients for Eating Disorder Inventory Scales for Sample 1 (Archival Clinic Sample)”
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“To determine lateralization patterns, we compared the elements in the obtained correlation matrixes using a parametric test, which indicates whether two independent correlation coefficients are significantly different (Steiger, 1980; Olkin and Finn, 1995).”
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“These correlations were compared using Steiger’s test using Fisher’s r-to-z transformation (Steiger 1980).”
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“To test hypothesis 4a through 4c, we conducted multiple t-tests of non-independent rs ( Steiger, 1980; Williams, 1959) to compare the strength of the relationship between two correlations.”
MethodGender Differences in Narcissism and Courtship Violence in Dating Couples
Ryan, K. M., Weikel, K. A., & Sprechini, G. D. (2008) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9403-9 · Cited by 95
“These correlations were found to be significantly different using tests recommended by Steiger (1980).”
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Ottenbreit, N. D., Dobson, K. S., & Quigley, L. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.005 · Cited by 94
Danthurebandara, V. M., Sharpe, G. P., Hutchison, D. M., Denniss, J., Nicolela, M. T., McKendrick, A. M., Turpin, A. H., & Chauhan, B. C. (2014) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15375 · Cited by 94
Social desirability and consensual validity of personality traits
Konstabel, K., Aavik, T., & Allïk, J. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.593 · Cited by 94
“To test the differences between the individual zero-order and bipartial correlations, the Z 2 statistic proposed by Steiger (1980) was used; in addition to the two-sided p-value based on quantiles of the normal distribution (column labelled ‘p’ in Table 3), we also conducted a permutation test with 10 000 random permu…”
MethodInfluentialJang, Y., Chiriboga, D. A., & Small, B. J. (2008) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/ag.66.3.c · Cited by 94
“In order to better understand the moderating relationships, the total sample was stratified into two groups based on each of the three moderating factors, and the correlations between perceived discrimination and negative affect in the subgroups were compared using Fisher’s r-to-z transformation, a statistical method…”
MethodRelationships Between Maternal Parenting Stress and Child Disruptive Behavior
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Deficient fear conditioning and self‐reported psychopathy: The role of fearless dominance
Penadés, R. L., Poy, R., Patrick, C. J., & Moltó, J. (2012) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01493.x · Cited by 94
Essau, C. A., Sasagawa, S., Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., Guzmán, B. O., & Ollendick, T. H. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.07.001 · Cited by 94
“…stronger (convergent relationship) than correlations between SCAS subscales and SDQ conduct and hyperactivity/inattention subscales (divergent relationship) the Steiger’s Z test (Steiger, 1980) was used, following the recommendation of Meng, Roesnthal, and Rubin (1992) for significant correlations.”
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Imhoff, R., Bilewicz, M., & Erb, H. (2012) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.1886 · Cited by 93
Johnson, D. R., Kaufman, J. C., Baker, B. S., Patterson, J. D., Barbot, B., Green, A. E., van Hell, J. G., Kennedy, E., Sullivan, G., Taylor, C. L., et al. (2022) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-022-01986-2 · Cited by 118
“The difference between these two correlations was reliable (difference in r = .23, 95% CI [.15, .32], z = 5.72, p < .001; Steiger, 1980, from the cocor package in R, Diedenhofen, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialAxelrod, S. R., Grilo, C. M., Sanislow, C. A., & McGlashan, T. H. (2001) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.15.2.168.19219 · Cited by 93
“Differences in the magnitude of correlations were calculated by directional t tests for non-independent correlations (Steiger, 1980).”
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Geiger, N., Swim, J. K., Gasper, K., Fraser, J., & Flinner, K. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101649 · Cited by 91
Wang, L. Y., Negreira, A. M., LaViolette, P. S., Bakkour, A., Sperling, R. A., & Dickerson, B. C. (2010) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20771 · Cited by 91
“To determine statistically whether the hypothesized hippocampal-memory correlation is stronger than the motor-memory correlation, we used a procedure comparing two correlations sharing one variable, described by Steiger (1980) as: T2 ¼ ðrjk rjhÞ…”
MethodSocial Identity Threat Motivates Science-Discrediting Online Comments
Nauroth, P., Gollwitzer, M., Bender, J., & Rothmund, T. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117476 · Cited by 91
“The correlation coefficients were compared using Williams’ test [50].”
MethodStenling, A., Lindwall, M., & Hassmén, P. (2014) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000027 · Cited by 92
Nakayama, M., Sears, C. R., Hino, Y., & Lupker, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.839560 · Cited by 100
“The inter-correlation between the two measures (i.e., cognate and noncognate priming effects, which were provided by the same group of participants) was taken into consideration when computing the t-statistic value (Steiger, 1980). processing fluency factors.”
BackgroundMethodLoss of nucleus accumbens low-frequency fluctuations is a signature of chronic pain
Makary, M. M., Polosecki, P. I., Cecchi, G., DeAraujo, I. E., Barron, D. S., Constable, R. T., Whang, P. G., Thomas, D.-A. M., Mowafi, H. O., Small, D. M., et al. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1918682117 · Cited by 96
“In a first step, the difference in fc between putative shell and core was calculated within each subject using Steiger ’ s approach for “ correlated correlations ” (19).”
Amygdalar and hippocampal volume: A comparison between manual segmentation, Freesurfer and VBM
Grimm, O., Pohlack, S. T., Cacciaglia, R., Winkelmann, T., Plichta, M. M., Demirakça, T., & Flor, H. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.05.024 · Cited by 99
Share, D. L., & Leikin, M. (2004) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1207/s1532799xssr0801_5 · Cited by 92
Shahar, G., Blatt, S. J., Zuroff, D. C., Kuperminc, G. P., & Leadbeater, B. J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000016932.82038.d0 · Cited by 92
“…Nonnormed Fit Index (NNFI, Bentler & Bonett, 1980) which is represented in AMOS by the Tucker–Lewis Indicator (TLI, values higher than .90 represent acceptable model fit), and the Root-Mean-Square of Approximation (RMSEA, Steiger, 1980; values of .05 and lower represent acceptable model fit).”
MethodContact and other‐race effects in configural and component processing of faces
Rhodes, G., Ewing, L., Hayward, W. G., Maurer, D. M., Mondloch, C. J., & Tanaka, J. W. (2009) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712608x396503 · Cited by 92
“Comparing contact effects for configural and feature OREs A z test (Steiger, 1980) showed that the correlations of experience (time in a Western country) with the configural ORE and with the component ORE differed significantly, Table 3.”
MethodA Longitudinal Investigation of the Development of Attention and Distractibility
Kannass, K. N., Oakes, L. M., & Shaddy, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0703_8 · Cited by 92
Structural correlates of prospective memory
Gordon, B. A., Shelton, J. T., Bugg, J. M., McDaniel, M. A., & Head, D. M. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.09.035 · Cited by 92
“Examination of the relative strength of associations between volume and PM accuracy across regions (Steiger, 1980) revealed that the a priori theorized association between hippocampal volume and focal PM accuracy was significantly stronger than that for parahippocampal (Z = 2.42, p < .01),…”
BackgroundInfluentialDepressive Symptoms Among African American and White Older Adults
Jang, Y., Borenstein, A. R., Chiriboga, D. A., & Mortimer, J. A. (2005) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/60.6.p313 · Cited by 93
“…subgroups based on the moderating factors, and we compared the correlations between predictive variables and depressive symptoms in the subgroups by using Fisher's r-to-z transformation, a statistical method to determine the difference between independent correlation coefficients (Steiger, 1980).”
Smoking from adolescence to adulthood: The effects of parental and own socioeconomic status
Paavola, M. (2004) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/14.4.417 · Cited by 92
“The method used by Steiger was used to examine the equality of the correlations between the different health behaviours and between the genders (Steiger, 1980).”
MethodParanoia, persecutory delusions and attributional biases
McKay, R., Langdon, R. A., & Coltheart, M. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.06.004 · Cited by 92
“There was no significant difference between the PB/Persecutory Paranoid Ideation correlation and the PB/Non-Persecutory Paranoid Ideation correlation, t(21)=1.41, P=0.172 ( Steiger, 1980 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialImpact of land-surface initialization on sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts over Europe
Prodhomme, C., Doblas-Reyes, F. J., Bellprat, O., & Dutra, E. (2015) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2879-4 · Cited by 96
Dargis, M. A., Newman, J. P., & Koenigs, M. R. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000147 · Cited by 92
“We then compared the relative strengths between these relationships using Steiger’s Z test for two correlated correlation coefficients (Meng, Rosenthal, & Rubin, 1992; Steiger, 1980).”
Lorenzo, C., Haffner, S. M., Stančáková, A., & Laakso, M. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2010-1144 · Cited by 92
Reijmer, Y. D., Leemans, A., Heringa, S. M., Wielaard, I., Jeurissen, B., Koek, H. L., & Biessels, G. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044074 · Cited by 91
“Differences in the relation between DTI metrics and memory obtained with DTIversus CSD-based FT was calculated using Steiger’s Z-statistic for dependent correlations [40].”
MethodImmediate Mood Scaler: Tracking Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Novel Mobile Mood Scale
Nahum, M., Vleet, T. V., Sohal, V. S., Mirzabekov, J. J., Rao, V. R., Wallace, D. L., Lee, M. B., Dawes, H. E., Stark‐Inbar, A., Jordan, J. T., et al. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6544 · Cited by 97
“The difference between correlations was examined using the test for comparing elements of a correlation matrix [59], using a Web-based tool [60].”
Hypersexuality in college students: The role of psychopathy
Kastner, R. M., & Sellbom, M. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.005 · Cited by 91
Monnot, M. J., & Beehr, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2014.07.005 · Cited by 91
“Hypothesis 3 stated that social support will have the strongest positive relationship with well-being when it consists of positive communication (followed by non-work related, and negative communication) and was also assessed by comparing the magnitude of correlation coefficients (Steiger, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDifferent Partners, Different Selves: Strategic Verification of Circumscribed Identities
Swann, W. B., Bosson, J. K., & Pelham, B. W. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672022812007 · Cited by 95
“two correlations (Steiger, 1980) confirmed that the for-”
BackgroundInfluentialAffluence, Feelings of Stress, and Well-being
Ng, S. H., Diener, E., Aurora, R., & Harter, J. K. (2008) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-008-9422-5 · Cited by 98
“Statistical tests using Steiger’s Z-statistic (Steiger 1980) confirmed that the correlations for stress were significantly different from those for NA (see Table 1 for the Z-values).”
MethodChristian, E., & Sellbom, M. (2015) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1068176 · Cited by 91
Giuntoli, L., Ceccarini, F., Sica, C., & Caudek, C. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244016682293 · Cited by 107
Two approaches to measuring quality of life in the HIV/AIDS population: HAT-QoL and MOS-HIV
Holmes, W. C., & Shea, J. A. (1999) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1008931006866 · Cited by 88
“0 (Health Assessment Lab, Boston, MA) ± MAP-R analyses employ the two standard errors approximation (no known software employs Steiger's t-test for dependent correlations, the ideal formula) [34].”
MethodFace-elicited ERPs and affective attitude: brain electric microstate and tomography analyses
Pizzagalli, D. A., Lehmann, D., Koenig, T. W., Regard, M., & Pascual-Marqui, R. D. (2000) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(99)00252-7 · Cited by 91
“Second, the assignments were not only unambiguous but also very robust, as assessed by testing the differences between dependent correlations (Steiger, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodSpangler, T., & Gazelle, H. (2009) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00517.x · Cited by 118
Simulating Fiction: Individual Differences in Literature Comprehension Revealed with fMRI
Nijhof, A. D., & Willems, R. M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116492 · Cited by 102
“A direct comparison between correlation values of the real and reversed speech sessions was done using Steiger’s test [44].”
MethodInfluentialMalykhin, N. V., Huang, Y., Hrybouski, S., & Olsen, F. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.001 · Cited by 88
Schmidgall, S. P., Eitel, A., & Scheiter, K. (2019) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.01.006 · Cited by 92
Travis, S. G., Huang, Y., Fujiwara, E., Radomski, A. D., Olsen, F., Carter, R., Seres, P., & Malykhin, N. V. (2013) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.11.016 · Cited by 93
Kappe, R. F., & der Flier, H. V. (2009) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.11.002 · Cited by 95
Focusing and restricting: Two aspects of motivational selectivity in adulthood.
Riediger, M., & Freund, A. M. (2006) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.173 · Cited by 90
“…and goal-pursuit intensity is equally driven by each of the two assessed facets of intergoal facilitation: According to test procedures proposed by Steiger (1980), bivariate associations with goal-pursuit intensity are not significantly different from each other for the two facilitation…”
BackgroundMethodAge-Related Regional Differences in Cerebellar Vermis Observed In Vivo
Raz, N., Torres, I. J., Spencer, W. D., White, K., & Acker, J. D. (1992) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1992.00530280106030 · Cited by 90
Prieto, L. M., Alonso, J., Ferrer, M., & Antó, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(96)00420-9 · Cited by 90
“Validity diagonals were compared with appropriate off-diagonal values and Steiger’s [40] dependent r-test and associated values were computed for the comparisons in order to provide an assessment of discriminant validity.”
MethodPerformance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Evaluation of 114 Measures
Bittner, A. C., Carter, R., Kennedy, R. S., Harbeson, M. M., & Krause, M. (1986) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1986.63.2.683 · Cited by 90
Age estimation by multidetector CT images of the sagittal suture
Chiba, F., Makino, Y., Motomura, A., Inokuchi, G., Torimitsu, S., Ishii, N., Sakuma, A., Nagasawa, S., Saitoh, H., Yajima, D., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00414-013-0883-y · Cited by 89
“To determine the strongest correlation, the statistical significance of the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was compared across the three methods [21, 22].”
MethodLevine, D., Pace, A. E., Luo, R., Hirsh‐Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., de Villiers, J., Iglesias, A., & Wilson, M. S. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.11.006 · Cited by 113
Kim, H., Mawla, I., Lee, J., Gerber, J. A., Walker, K. L., Kim, J., Ortiz, A., Chan, S., Loggia, M. L., Wasan, A. D., et al. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116899 · Cited by 91
“…between variables, Spearman’s correlation was used, while comparisons between correlation strengths were assessed using the Cocor tool (R Statistical Package, R-Core-Team, 2012, based on Steiger’s procedure and Fisher’s r-to-z transformation (Steiger, 1980; Diedenhofen and Musch, 2015)).”
MethodRam, S., Vizcarra, P., Whalen, P. M., Deng, S., Painter, C., Jackson-Fisher, A. J., Pirie-Shepherd, S. R., Xia, X., & Powell, E. L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245638 · Cited by 93
“The William’s t test was used to test for significant difference between a pair of dependent correlation coefficients [23, 24].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Steiger, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Steiger, James H.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1980-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 245-251
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2097137621
- Cited by
- 4,621
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 227 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 212 · 2021: 214 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 302 · 2017: 265 · 2016: 261 · 2015: 260 · 2014: 189 · 2013: 197 · 2012: 148
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- correlation coefficient, hypothesis testing
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