The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix
Abstract
In a variety of situations in psychological research, it is desirable to be able to make statistical comparisons between correlation coefficients measured on the same individuals. For example, an experimenter may wish to assess whether two predictors correlate equally with a criterion variable. In another situation, the experimenter may wish to test the hypothesis that an entire matrix of correlations has remained stable over time. The present article reviews the literature on such tests, points out some statistics that should be avoided, and presents a variety of techniques that can be used safely with medium to large samples. Several illustrative numerical examples are provided.
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“As seen in Table 4, all between-subscale differences in correlation coefficients were statistically significant (all ps < 0.001).”
From Spanish adaptation of the experiential approach scale (Eas) (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
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Sensing relative signal in the Tgf-β/Smad pathway
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“the Jennrich test (47) and by the Steiger test (48).”
MethodA Large-Scale Dataset for Argument Quality Ranking: Construction and Analysis
Gretz, S., Friedman, R., Cohen-Karlik, E., Toledo, A., Lahav, D., Aharonov, R., & Slonim, N. (2020) · AAAI Publications (The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI)) · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6285 · Cited by 90
Gorman, A. H., Schwartz, D., Nakamoto, J., & Mayeux, L. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2011.05.001 · Cited by 87
“Following the procedure outlined by Steiger (1980) to test dependent Pearson r's, we evaluated whether the behavioral reputation and socio-emotional adjustment variables correlated to a significantly different degree with disliking and unpopularity among peers.”
MethodMinor, K. S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.08.005 · Cited by 80
“Third, correlations between symptom clusters and each cognitive process total/composite score were compared using Steiger's z transformation (Steiger, 1980).”
MethodThe Reliability of the Thematic Apperception Test
Lundy, A. C. (1985) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4902_6 · Cited by 78
Not All Risks Are Equal: The Risk Taking Inventory for High-Risk Sports
Woodman, T., Barlow, M., Bandura, C. T., Hill, M., Kupciw, D., & MacGregor, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.35.5.479 · Cited by 78
“Given that we had hypothesized that BAS subscales would be associated more with DRT than with PB, we conducted Steiger’s (1980) Z-test between the DRT-BAS fun seeking and PB-BAS fun seeking correlations; BAS fun seeking was significantly more associated with DRT than with PB, Z = 3.”
MethodKochanska, G., & Radke‐Yarrow, M. (1992) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1992.tb01630.x · Cited by 78
Melchers, K. G., Lachnit, H., & Shanks, D. R. (2004) · The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section B · doi:10.1080/02724990344000042 · Cited by 80
“When we compared the two correlation coefficients with the test suggested by Steiger (1980), we found that the correlation in the revaluation condition was significantly larger than in the direct learning condition, z = 1.65, p .05 (one-tailed).”
ResultInfluentialHow Generalizable Are Adolescents' Beliefs About Pro‐Drug Pressures and Resistance Self‐Efficacy?1
Hays, R. D., & Ellickson, P. L. (1990) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1990.tb00414.x · Cited by 78
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Kubzansky, L. D., Martin, L. T., & Buka, S. L. (2004) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.4.4.364 · Cited by 76
Erbaş, Y., Ceulemans, E., Blanke, E. S., Sels, L., Fischer, A. H., & Kuppens, P. (2018) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2018.1465894 · Cited by 78
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“Consistent with our conjecture above, the −0.53 correlation with the seven BR AOT items was significantly larger than the −0.25 correlation with the fourteen non-BR AOT items using the Steiger (1980) test for dependent correlations (t(744) = 9.92, p 0.001).”
InfluentialKhosravani, V., Asmundson, G. J. G., Taylor, S. J., Bastan, F. S., & Ardestani, S. M. S. (2020) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2020.100615 · Cited by 79
“Pearson’s correlations and Steiger’s Z test (Steiger, 1980) were performed to assess the convergent and discriminant validity of the CSS and inter-correlations among the CSS scales.”
MethodVallerand, R. J., & Houlfort, N. (2003) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-773-220251010 · Cited by 101
Steric sea level variability (1993–2010) in an ensemble of ocean reanalyses and objective analyses
Storto, A., Masina, S., Balmaseda, M., Guinehut, S., Xue, Y., Szekely, T., Fukumori, I., Forget, G., Chang, Y., Good, S., et al. (2015) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2554-9 · Cited by 77
“The correlation308 di↵erence between REAENS and OAENS is significant, according to a Steiger’s Z test309 (Steiger, 1980), with 95% confidence level, for two dependent overlapping correlations.310 Note that not only the correlation of REAENS is greater than OAENS, but is also greater311 than that of…”
MethodThe independence of positive and negative affect depends on the affect measure
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Goldfarb, E. V., Froböse, M. I., Cools, R., & Phelps, E. A. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01029 · Cited by 81
“Dependent correlations were compared using Steiger’s Z (Steiger, 1980).”
Jacobs, C. A., Burnham, J. M., Jochimsen, K. N., Molina, D., Hamilton, D. A., & Duncan, S. T. (2017) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2017.06.053 · Cited by 77
Dimensions of anger-hostility and cardiovascular reactivity in provoked and angered men
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“To compare stability coefficients that were dependent (such as stability coefficients for Time 1-Time 2 vs. Time 1-Time 4), we used tests for dependent correlations as described by Steiger (1980) .”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWhy is working memory capacity related to matrix reasoning tasks?
Harrison, T. L., Shipstead, Z., & Engle, R. W. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-014-0473-3 · Cited by 74
“The correlation between the WMC composite and the novel total (r = .36) was statistically lower than the WMC composite's correlation with the repeated total (r = .50), z(205) = −2.29, p = .02 (Steiger, 1980).”
InfluentialShahar, G., Noyman-Veksler, G., Schnidel-Allon, I., & Gilboa‐Schechtman, E. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.07.053 · Cited by 80
Modelling prognostic trajectories of cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease
Giorgio, J., Landau, S. M., Jagust, W. J., Peter Tiňo, B., & Kourtzi, Z. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102199 · Cited by 79
“To compare if the relationship of the GMLVQ-Scalar Projection and rate of future cognitive decline is significantly different between models using biological or cognitive data we generate a Steiger Z statistic (Steiger, 1980).”
MethodThe Oneness Beliefs Scale: Connecting Spirituality with Pro‐Environmental Behavior
Garfield, A. M., Drwecki, B. B., Moore, C. F., Kortenkamp, K. V., & Gracz, M. D. (2014) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12108 · Cited by 76
A Spanish version of the short Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale (sMARS)
Núñez‐Peña, M. I., Pellicioni, M. S., Guilera, G., & Mercadé-Carranza, C. (2013) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2012.12.009 · Cited by 76
“In order to provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of sMARS scores as a measure of the construct of the mathematics anxiety level, the other measures previously described were related to sMARS responses using the Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Fisher’s Z test was used to assess the differen…”
MethodThe relation of speeded and unspeeded reasoning with mental speed
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“Prior research manipulating time constraints seems to support the view of a speeddependent working memory. In two studies, Vernon et al. (1985), as well as Vernon and Kantor (1986), investigated the relationship of processing speed with speeded and unspeeded reasoning.”
BackgroundNúñez‐Peña, M. I., Bono, R., & Pellicioni, M. S. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2015.02.005 · Cited by 76
“Fisher’s Z test (Steiger, 1980) was then used to assess the difference between the correlations obtained in the 2010-2011 academic year and those obtained in the present study.”
MethodHomophily in stable and unstable adolescent friendships: Similarity breeds constancy
Hafen, C. A., Laursen, B. P., Burk, W. J., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2011) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.027 · Cited by 76
“Correlation contrasts (Steiger, 1980) compared levels of similarity across stable friends, unstable friends, and nonfriend dyads, separately for adjusted and unadjusted scores.”
BackgroundNew Directions in Measuring Reactive and Proactive Aggression: Validation of a Teacher Questionnaire
Polman, H., de Castro, B. O., Thomaes, S. C. E., & van Aken, M. A. G. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9266-0 · Cited by 89
“To assess whether reactive and proactive aggression correlated differently with the hypothesized theoretically relevant variables, we computed t-tests for the difference between two dependent correlations from the same sample (Steiger 1980).”
MethodVittengl, J. R., White, C. N., McGovern, R. J., & Morton, B. (2005) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860500307944 · Cited by 76
“We tested differences among these validity coefficients for each outcome variable using Steiger's ( 1980a , 1980b ) method.”
MethodMakowski, C., Béland, S., Kostopoulos, P., Bhagwat, N., Devenyi, G. A., MALLA, A. K., Joober, R., Lepage, M., & Chakravarty, M. M. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.069 · Cited by 72
“This test is suitable for quantifying differences between correlated and overlapping correlation coefficients (Meng et al., 1992; Steiger, 1980).”
MethodAssessing interpretations of experienced ease and difficulty as motivational constructs.
Fisher, O., & Oyserman, D. (2017) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000055 · Cited by 76
Traditional, Likert, and Simplified Measures of Self-Efficacy
Maurer, T. J., & Andrews, K. D. (2000) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131640021970899 · Cited by 76
“Correlations were also compared using Steiger’s (1980) formula for dependent samples.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialTesting whether correlation matrices are different from each other.
Green, J. A. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.28.2.215 · Cited by 76
Kreifelts, B., Ethofer, T., Huberle, E., Grodd, W., & Wildgruber, D. (2010) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20913 · Cited by 132
Bluemke, M., & Friese, M. (2011) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.850 · Cited by 76
“When contrasting IAT correlations, within-sample planned comparisons with one-tailed testing were used (Steiger, 1980).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSusanne Quadflieg, A., Etzel, J. A., Gazzola, V., Keysers, C., Schubert, T. W., Waiter, G. D., & Macrae, C. N. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21628 · Cited by 74
“To determine whether the observed correlations between the extent of pattern transferability and SOPS scores differed significantly across tasks, we computed William's t for the comparison of dependent correlation coefficients where appropriate (see Steiger, 1980 ).”
MethodImproving Multi-Modal Representations Using Image Dispersion: Why Less is Sometimes More
Kiela, D., Hill, F., Korhonen, A., & Clark, S. C. (2014) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.3115/v1/p14-2135 · Cited by 73
Summer drought predictability over Europe: empirical versus dynamical forecasts
Turco, M., Ceglar, A., Prodhomme, C., Soret, A., Toreti, A., & Francisco, J. D.-R. (2017) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aa7859 · Cited by 75
Pain-Evoked Reorganization in Functional Brain Networks
Zheng, W., Woo, C., Yao, Z., Goldstein, P., Atlas, L. Y., Roy, M., Schmidt, L., Krishnan, A., Jepma, M., Hu, B., et al. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz276 · Cited by 81
Williams, D. R., & Mulder, J. (2019) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2020.102441 · Cited by 75
Metatranscriptomics-guided genome-scale metabolic modeling of microbial communities
Zampieri, G., Campanaro, S., Angione, C., & Treu, L. (2023) · Cell Reports Methods · doi:10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100383 · Cited by 85
Williams, N. L., Shahar, G., Riskind, J. H., & Joiner, T. E. (2004) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.01.003 · Cited by 74
“Model fit was examined via several common indices: w2 index, Non-Normed Fit Index (NNFI; Bentler & Bonett, 1980), Comparative Fit Index (CFI; Bentler, 1990) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA; Steiger, 1980).”
MethodWalsh, J. A., McFadden, M., Woodcock, J. L., Clegg, D. O., Helliwell, P., Dommasch, E. D., Gelfand, J. M., Krueger, G. G., & Duffin, K. C. (2013) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.07.040 · Cited by 75
Hönekopp, J., Voracek, M., & Manning, J. T. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.05.009 · Cited by 75
Hewett, P., Mensch, B., Ribeiro, M. C. S. D. A., Jones, H. E., Lippman, S. A., Montgomery, M. R., & van de Wijgert, J. H. H. M. (2008) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwn113 · Cited by 75
“Given the randomized study design, the correlation (q) was statistically compared across interview modes (m) based on z tests by using Fisher’s transformation (41).”
MethodWeber, E. U. (1988) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(88)90006-6 · Cited by 74
Arbisi, P. A., & Ben‐Porath, Y. S. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.10.3.221 · Cited by 75
Bozzette, S. A., Hays, R. D., Berry, S. H., & Kanouse, D. E. (1994) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199407000-00005 · Cited by 74
Happé, F. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00137 · Cited by 74
The Selfishness Questionnaire: Egocentric, Adaptive, and Pathological Forms of Selfishness
Raine, A., & Uh, S. (2019) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1455692 · Cited by 73
“, anxiety), the significance of the difference between these correlations was calculated using the procedure outlined by Lee and Preacher (2013) in which each r was converted into a z score using Fisher’s r-toz transformation, with Steiger’s Equations 3 and 10 used to compute the asymptotic covariance of the estimates…”
MethodSmith, R. E., Shoda, Y., Cumming, S. P., & Smoll, F. L. (2008) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.12.006 · Cited by 73
Facets of conscientiousness and their differential relationships with cognitive ability factors
Rikoon, S. H., Brenneman, M. W., Kim, L. E., Khorramdel, L., MacCann, C., Burrus, J. T., & Roberts, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.01.002 · Cited by 82
Guo, P., Benito-Ballesteros, Á., Yeung, S. P., Liu, R., Saha, A., Curtis, L., Kaşer, M., Haggard, M. P., & Cheke, L. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.804922 · Cited by 86
“…across time points were materially higher (> 0.2) from the next highest correlation among the 5 non-corresponding factors, with Williams tests (Steiger, 1980) giving the narrowest gap at p = 0.003 (Neurological: r = 0.676, t = 5.712; Gastrointestinal/Autoimmune: r = 0.531, t = 3.778;…”
BackgroundInfluentialDhal, S. B., Jungbluth, K., Lin, R., Sabahi, S. P., Bagavathiannan, M., Braga-Neto, U., & Kalafatis, S. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22093510 · Cited by 74
“In [23,24], the concept of correlation matrix to eliminate the highly correlated predictors was elaborated upon.”
BackgroundUsing machine learning to improve the accuracy of genomic prediction of reproduction traits in pigs
Wang, X., Shi, S., Wang, G., Luo, W., Xia, W., Qiu, A., Luo, F., & Ding, X. (2022) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-022-00708-0 · Cited by 86
“The Hotelling-Williams Test [36] was performed to compare the prediction accuracy of different methods after parameter optimization.”
MethodCastarlenas, E., Miró, J., & Sánchez‐Rodríguez, E. (2013) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.12.004 · Cited by 74
Streukens, S., & de Ruyter, K. (2004) · Marketing Letters · doi:10.1023/b:mark.0000047387.12609.23 · Cited by 74
Weymar, M., Schwabe, L., Löw, A., & Hamm, A. O. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00174 · Cited by 78
“Comparing these correlations for neutral and emotional materials within each group (Steiger, 1980) revealed no significant differences (stress group: z = −1.”
BackgroundElfering, A., Semmer, N. K., Schade, V., Grund, S., & Boos, N. (2002) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.7.2.130 · Cited by 74
Consumer Motivations in Browsing Online Stores with Mobile Devices
Ono, A., Nakamura, A., Okuno, A., & Sumikawa, M. (2012) · International Journal of Electronic Commerce · doi:10.2753/jec1086-4415160406 · Cited by 74
“The value of the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), a parsimony measure that accounts for potential artificial inflation due to the estimation of many parameters, was 0.09, which was slightly above the threshold of 0.08, indicating a moderate fit of the model [12, 37].”
ResultInfluentialLitjens, G. J. S., Barentsz, J. O., Karssemeijer, N., & Huisman, H. J. (2015) · European Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00330-015-3743-y · Cited by 74
“coefficients was tested using Steiger’s z-test for dependent correlation coefficients [21].”
Measuring Task-Switching Ability in the Implicit Association Test
Back, M. D., Schmukle, S. C., & Egloff, B. (2005) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169.52.3.167 · Cited by 74
“Both correlation coefficients did not differ significantly (z = .69; see Steiger, 1980).”
BackgroundAngus, D. J., Kemkes, K., Schutter, D. J. L. G., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2015) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12460 · Cited by 83
Above and beyond Short-Term Mating, Long-Term Mating is Uniquely Tied to Human Personality
Holtzman, N. S., & Strube, M. (2013) · Evolutionary Psychology · doi:10.1177/147470491301100514 · Cited by 79
“The difference between the effects for LTM was statistically significant according to Steiger’s (1980) Case A (t[220] = 4.”
BackgroundKinicki, A. J., Lockwood, C. A., Hom, P. W., & Griffeth, R. W. (1990) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.75.5.477 · Cited by 74
Hick's law, competing-task performance, and intelligence
Roberts, R. D., Beh, H. C., & Stankov, L. (1988) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(88)90011-6 · Cited by 74
Raz, N., Torres, I. J., Spencer, W. D., Millman, D., Baertschi, J. C., & Sarpel, G. (1993) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(93)90008-s · Cited by 74
Llera, S. J., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.008 · Cited by 74
“Finally, Steiger’s Z (Hoerger, 2013; Steiger, 1980) was used to test if convergent correlations were significantly stronger than discriminant correlations.”
MethodAssessing Squalor in Hoarding: The Home Environment Index
Rasmussen, J. L., Steketee, G. S., Frost, R. O., Tolin, D. F., & Brown, T. A. (2013) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-013-9665-8 · Cited by 73
“HEI scale, we examined the correlations of HEI squalor to measures of hoarding, OCD symptoms and mood state, and compared the magnitude of these correlations using Steiger’s differential validity analysis (Steiger 1980).”
MethodColzato, L. S., Jongkees, B. J., de Wit, M., van der Molen, M. J. W., & Steenbergen, L. (2018) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-0600-x · Cited by 84
“This test measures the equality of two correlation coefficients obtained from the same sample, with the two correlations sharing one variable in common (Steiger, 1980).”
MethodRetractedRay, J. V., Poythress, N. G., Weir, J. M., & Rickelm, A. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.09.005 · Cited by 73
Constructing Approximate Confidence Intervals for Parameters With Structural Equation Models
Cheung, M. W. ‐. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510902751291 · Cited by 78
“Olkin and Finn (1995) provided a systematic treatment of how to test dependent correlation coefficients and construct Wald CIs using the delta method (see Hittner, May, & Silver, 2003 , for a recent simulation study; and Steiger, 1980a , 1980b , for an alternative approach based on the Fisher's z transformation).”
MethodSingh, K. P., Basant, N., Malik, A., & Jain, G. (2009) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.001 · Cited by 73
Raine, A., Fung, A. L. C., & Lam, B. Y. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr082 · Cited by 75
The Long-Term Influence of Service Employee Attrition on Customer Outcomes and Profits
Subramony, M. V., & Holtom, B. C. (2012) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670512452792 · Cited by 73
“Examining the statistical significance of the difference between each pair of correlations (Spector and Fox 2003) using William’s T2 formula (Steiger 1980), we found that our convergent pairs were more strongly correlated than our discriminant pairs, T(df ¼ 103) values ranging from 2.13 to 4.22;…”
MethodInfluentialEine revidierte Fassung des Inventars zur Computerbildung (INCOBI-R)
Richter, T., Naumann, J., & Horz, H. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652/a000002 · Cited by 73
Construct validation in organizational behavior research.
Edwards, J. R. (2003) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 73
Structure at every scale: A semantic network account of the similarities between unrelated concepts.
Deyne, S. D., Navarro, D., Perfors, A., & Storms, G. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000192 · Cited by 73
Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis of Health-Related Quality-of-Life Measures
Hadorn, D. C., & Hays, R. D. (1991) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199109000-00004 · Cited by 73
Converging a Knowledge-Based Scoring Function: DrugScore2018
Dittrich, J., Schmidt, D., Pfleger, C., & Gohlke, H. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling · doi:10.1021/acs.jcim.8b00582 · Cited by 69
Kryś, K., Park, J., Kocimska‐Zych, A., Kosiarczyk, A., Selim, H. A., Wojtczuk‐Turek, A., Haas, B. W., Uchida, Y., Torres, C. V., Capaldi, C. A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00311-y · Cited by 83
“When comparing country-level correlation coefficients, we employed the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common (Steiger 1980).”
MethodScreening of Alzheimer’s disease by facial complexion using artificial intelligence
Umeda‐Kameyama, Y., Kameyama, M., Tanaka, T., Son, B., Kojima, T., Fukasawa, M., Iizuka, T., Ogawa, S., Iijima, K., & Akishita, M. (2021) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.202545 · Cited by 73
Valence and arousal ratings for 11,310 simplified Chinese words
Xu, X., Li, J., & Chen, H. (2021) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01607-4 · Cited by 72
The Assessment of Symptom Severity and Functional Impairment With DSM-IV Axis V
Smith, G. N., Ehmann, T. S., Flynn, S. W., MacEwan, G. W., Tee, K. A., Kopala, L. C., Thornton, A. E., Schenk, C. H., & Honer, W. G. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.62.4.pss6204_0411 · Cited by 75
Parent?Adolescent Agreement on Disruptive Behavior Symptoms: A Multitrait-Multimethod Model
Hartung, C. M., McCarthy, D. M., Milich, R. S., & Martin, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-005-0632-8 · Cited by 72
“It was expected that relevant cross-category correlations would be significantly weaker than within-category correlations, demonstrating adequate discrimination among traits (see Table V). T-tests were conducted to compare the withincategory correlation to each cross-category correlation using the formula provided by…”
MethodKruit, P., Oostdam, R., van den Berg, E., & Schuitema, J. A. (2018) · Research in Science & Technological Education · doi:10.1080/02635143.2017.1421530 · Cited by 78
“Tests for comparing dependent correlations measured on the same subjects (Steiger 1980) revealed a significant difference between Bungee jump and Hot chocolate and between Bungee jump and Skateboard (Z = 1.96, p = .05).”
MethodInfluentialBaker, C. W., Carter, A. S., Cohen, L. R., & Brownell, K. D. (1999) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02908295 · Cited by 72
“To investigate the association between weight/shape satisfaction and eating attitudes, correlations between weight/shape sarisfaction ratings and EAT total and Factor I scores were examined (Table 3). In addition, to assess differences in the associations between pregnancy and 4 months postpartum, correlations were co…”
MethodAn investigation of the validity of the virtual spatial navigation assessment
Ventura, M., Shute, V., Wright, T., & Zhao, W. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00852 · Cited by 70
The predictive power of low-arousal positive affect
McManus, M. D., Siegel, J. T., & Nakamura, J. (2018) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-018-9719-x · Cited by 84
Development and validation of a HEXACO situational judgment test
Oostrom, J. K., de Vries, R. E., & de Wit, M. (2018) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2018.1539856 · Cited by 71
Meijerink, J., Beijer, S. E., & Bos-Nehles, A. C. (2020) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2020.1810737 · Cited by 93
“The first was the Steiger Z-test (Steiger, 1980), which assesses the significance of differences between regression coefficients.”
MethodPerceived facial adiposity conveys information about women's health
Tinlin, R., Watkins, C. D., Welling, L. L. M., DeBruine, L. M., Al‐Dujaili, E. A. S., & Jones, B. C. (2012) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2012.02117.x · Cited by 72
“Steiger’s test (Steiger, 1980) showed that the correlation between BMI and rated facial adiposity was significantly stronger than that between WHR and rated facial adiposity (z = 2.72, p = .007).”
BackgroundInfluentialRenshaw, K. D., Blais, R. K., & Smith, T. W. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.03.005 · Cited by 71
Green, J. G., DeYoung, G., Wogan, M. E., Wolf, E. J., Lane, K. L., & Adler, L. A. (2019) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1751 · Cited by 70
“We used Williams' test to determine whether differences in the magnitude of correlation coefficients were statistically significant (Howell, 2010; Steiger, 1980).”
MethodScott, E. P., Sorrell, A., & Benitez, A. (2019) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617719000614 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Steiger, J. H.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Steiger, James H.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1980-03
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 245-251
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2097137621
- Cited by
- 4,621
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 227 · 2025: 157 · 2024: 152 · 2023: 168 · 2022: 212 · 2021: 214 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 259 · 2018: 302 · 2017: 265 · 2016: 261 · 2015: 260 · 2014: 189 · 2013: 197 · 2012: 148
- FWCI
- 16.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Multidisciplinary Science and Engineering Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- correlation coefficient, hypothesis testing
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