Cited by 940Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPersonality Traits and PsychologyPsychological Testing and Assessment

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 100 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation

Rushton, J. Philippe, Brainerd, Charles J., Pressley, Michael·1983·Psychological Bulletin

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Many important variables in behavioral development are presumed to be unrelated because of repeated failures to obtain substantial correlations. In this article, we explore the possibility that such null findings have often been due to failures to aggregate. The principle of aggregation states that the sum of a set of multiple measurements is a more stable and representative estimator than any single measurement. This greater representation occurs because there is inevitably some error associated with measurement. By combining numerous exemplars, such errors of measurement are averaged out, leaving a clearer view of underlying relationships. We illustrate the usefulness of this principle in 12 major areas of developmental research in which the issue of negligible correlations figures prominently: (a) the validity of judges' ratings, (b) the cross-situational consistency of moral character and personality, (c) the longitudinal stability of personality, (d) the coherence of stages of cognitive development, (e) metacognition, (f) the attitude—behavior relationship, (g) the personality—behavior relationship, (h) the role-taking/altruism relationship, (i) the moral-judgment/altruism relationship, (j) the legitimacy of the construct of attachment, (k) the existence of sex differences, and (1) the assessment of emotionality in animals. In a final section, we also discuss the implications of the principle of aggregation for conducting experimental research.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18

Cites

98 of 98 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Social Learning Theory
Kytle, J., & Bandura, A. (1978) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2065952 · Cited by 25,422
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0046016 · Cited by 17,116
Reviews: Lord, Frederic M., and Novick, Melvin R. (with contributions by Allan Birnbaum). Statistical Theories of Mental Test Scores. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1968. xii + 568 pp. $14.95.
Rozeboom, W. W., Lord, F. M., Novick, M. R., & Birnbaum, A. (1969) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162101 · Cited by 8,012
The psychology of sex differences
Maccoby, E. E. (1975) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(75)80031-1 · Cited by 5,714
Principles of behavior modification
Bandura, A. (1969) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,631
Précis of The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system
Gray, J. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013066 · Cited by 4,477
The Moral Judgment Of The Child
Piaget, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315009681 · Cited by 4,409
Personality and Assessment
Madison, P., & Mischel, W. (1968) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421067 · Cited by 4,395
Aggression: A Social Learning Analysis
Bandura, A. (1973) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1227918 · Cited by 4,302
Toward a cognitive social learning reconceptualization of personality
Mischel, W. (1973) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0035002 · Cited by 3,181

Show all 100 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 937

The relations of parental emotional expressivity with quality of Indonesian children's social functioning.
Eisenberg, N., Liew, J., & Pidada, S. U. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.2.116 · Cited by 86
Test–Retest Reliability and Practice Effects of Executive Function Tasks in Preschool Children
Müller, U., Kerns, K. A., & Konkin, K. (2012) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2011.645558 · Cited by 84
Relations among maternal socialization, effortful control, and maladjustment in early childhood
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Silva, K. M., Reiser, M., Hofer, C., Smith, C. L., Gaertner, B. M., Kupfer, A., Popp, T., et al. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000246 · Cited by 84
Sleep Problems in Childhood Predict Neuropsychological Functioning in Adolescence
Gregory, A. M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Poulton, R. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-0825 · Cited by 83
A comparison of the views of mothers, fathers, and pre-adolescents about family cohesion and power.
Feldman, S. S., Wentzel, K. R., & Gehring, T. M. (1989) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0080523 · Cited by 84
Coparenting moderates the association between firstborn children’s temperament and problem behavior across the transition to siblinghood.
Kolak, A. M., & Volling, B. L. (2013) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032864 · Cited by 83
Conscience in Childhood: Past, Present, and Future
Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. S. (2004) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · doi:10.1353/mpq.2004.0020 · Cited by 83
Teaching critical questions about argumentation through the revising process: effects of strategy instruction on college students’ argumentative essays
Song, Y., & Ferretti, R. P. (2013) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9381-8 · Cited by 81
Helping yourself helps others: Linking children’s emotion regulation to prosocial behavior through sympathy and trust.
Song, J., Colasante, T., & Malti, T. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000332 · Cited by 81
Ecological Validity of Neuropsychological and Personality Measures of Executive Functions
Ready, R. E., Stierman, L., & Paulsen, J. S. (2001) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.15.3.314.10269 · Cited by 87
Adult Attachment and Marital Interaction as Predictors of Whole Family Interactions During the Transition to Parenthood.
Paley, B., Cox, M. J., Kanoy, K. W., Harter, K. S. M., Burchinal, M. A., & Margand, N. A. (2005) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.3.420 · Cited by 80
Roundtable: What Is Temperament? Four Approaches
Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R. J., Rothbart, M. K., Thomas, A., Chess, S., Hinde, R. A., & McCall, R. B. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb01398.x · Cited by 80
Maternal contributions to infant regulation of arousal
Gable, S., & Isabella, R. A. (1992) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(92)90009-u · Cited by 80
Short-Term Stability of Aggregated and Nonaggregated Measures of Parental Behavior
Wachs, T. D. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130216 · Cited by 80
Sociability and prosocial orientation as predictors of youth adjustment: A seven-year longitudinal study in a Chinese sample
Chen, X., Liu, M., Rubin, K. H., Cen, G., Gao, X., & Li, D. (2002) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1080/01650250042000690 · Cited by 79
Mother— and Father—Child Mutuality in Anglo and Indian British Families: A Link with Lower Externalizing Problems
Deater-Deckard, K. D., Atzaba‐Poria, N., & Pike, A. (2004) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000047210.81880.14 · Cited by 79
Executive Function Mediates the Relations between Parental Behaviors and Children's Early Academic Ability
Devine, R. T., Bignardi, G., & Hughes, C. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01902 · Cited by 93
The Index of Emancipative Values: Measurement Model Misspecifications
Соколов, Б. О. (2018) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055417000624 · Cited by 78
Relations of Children's Social Status to Their Emotionality and Regulation: A Short-Term Longitudinal Study.
Maszk, P., Eisenberg, N., & Guthrie, I. K. (1999) · Human Biology · Cited by 78
A person-situation approach to altruistic behavior.
Römer, D., Gruder, C. L., & Lizzadro, T. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1001 · Cited by 78
Problematics of Time and Timing in the Longitudinal Study of Human Development: Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Lerner, R. M., Schwartz, S. J., & Phelps, E. (2009) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000189215 · Cited by 86
Sir Francis Galton, Epigenetic Rules, Genetic Similarity Theory, and Human Life‐History Analysis
Rushton, J. P. (1990) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1990.tb00910.x · Cited by 78
Self-citation
Personality Traits and Behaviour
Budaev, S. V., & Brown, C. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781444342536.ch7 · Cited by 78
Relations between Moral Judgment, Moral Courage, and Field Independence
Gibbs, J. C., Clark, P. M., Joseph, J. A., Green, J. L., Goodrick, T. S., & Makowski, D. G. (1986) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130650 · Cited by 77
Preschoolers' vicarious emotional responding and their situational and dispositional prosocial behavior.
Eisenberg, N. (1990) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 77
Studying Change in Dominance and Bullying with Linear Mixed Models
Long, J. D., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2003) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2003.12086208 · Cited by 76
A quarter of a century of the DBQ: some supplementary notes on its validity with regard to accidents
de Winter, J., Dodou, D., & Stanton, N. A. (2015) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140139.2015.1030460 · Cited by 76
Mothers as a Resource in Times of Stress: Interactive Contributions of Socialization of Coping and Stress to Youth Psychopathology
Abaied, J. L., & Rudolph, K. D. (2009) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9364-7 · Cited by 82
The effect of childhood multilingualism and bilectalism on implicature understanding
Antoniou, K., & Katsos, N. (2017) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s014271641600045x · Cited by 75
Early Sympathy and Social Acceptance Predict the Development of Sharing in Children
Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Keller, M., Chaparro, M. P., & Buchmann, M. C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052017 · Cited by 86
Determinants of domain knowledge and independent study learning in an adult sample.
Ackerman, P. L., & Beier, M. E. (2006) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.98.2.366 · Cited by 74
Infant day care and children's social competence
Volling, B. L., & Feagans, L. V. (1995) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/0163-6383(95)90047-0 · Cited by 75
Context and consistency in absenteeism: studying social and dispositional influences across multiple settings
Harrison, D. A., & Price, K. H. (2003) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(03)00013-5 · Cited by 74
The Relations of Parental Affect and Encouragement to Children's Moral Emotions and Behaviour
Spinrad, T. L., Losoya, S. H., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. J., Guthrie, I. K., & Murphy, B. C. (1999) · Journal of Moral Education · doi:10.1080/030572499103115 · Cited by 74
Attachment security and parental sensitivity during infancy: Associations with friendship quality and false-belief understanding at age 4
McElwain, N. L., & Volling, B. L. (2004) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407504045892 · Cited by 74
Evaluating process in child and family interventions: Aggression prevention as an example.
Tolan, P. H., Hanish, L. D., McKay, M. M., & Dickey, M. H. (2002) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037//0893-3200.16.2.220 · Cited by 72
Some methodological deficiencies in studies on traffic accident predictors
af Wåhlberg, A. E. (2003) · Accident Analysis & Prevention · doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(02)00025-8 · Cited by 73
Children's Narratives about Hypothetical Moral Dilemmas and Objective Measures of Their Conscience: Mutual Relations and Socialization Antecedents
Kochanska, G., Padavich, D. L., & Koenig, A. L. (1996) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01805.x · Cited by 77
A model of mother–child coping and adjustment to HIV
Hough, E. S., Brumitt, G. A., Templin, T., Saltz, E., & Mood, D. (2002) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00061-8 · Cited by 72
The Fullerton Longitudinal Study: A Long-Term Investigation of Intellectual and Motivational Giftedness
Gottfried, A. W., Gottfried, A. E., & Guerin, D. W. (2006) · journal for the education of the gifted · doi:10.4219/jeg-2006-244 · Cited by 72
Alternatives in the pursuit of the predictability and consistency of persons: Stable data that yield unstable interpretations
Mischel, W. (1983) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1983.tb00346.x · Cited by 72
Behavioral Genetics and Aggressive Behavior in Childhood
Plomin, R. J., Nitz, K., & Rowe, D. (1990) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7142-1_10 · Cited by 77
The Social Context of Young Children's Peer Victimization
Hanish, L. D., Ryan, P., Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2005) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2005.00288.x · Cited by 75
Are Regional Differences in Psychological Characteristics and Their Correlates Robust? Applying Spatial-Analysis Techniques to Examine Regional Variation in Personality
Ebert, T., Gebauer, J. E., Brenner, T., Bleidorn, W., Gosling, S. D., Potter, J., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2021) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691621998326 · Cited by 88
Rearing Difficult Children: Parents' Personality and Children's Proneness to Anger as Predictors of Future Parenting
Nordling, J. K., Barry, R. A., & Kochanska, G. (2010) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2010.492038 · Cited by 70
The Potential for Child Neglect: The Case of Adolescent Mothers and Their Children
Lounds, J. J., Borkowski, J. G., & Whitman, T. L. (2006) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559506289864 · Cited by 77
An Examination of Behavioral Families of Organizational Withdrawal in Volunteer Workers and Paid Employees
Laczo, R. M., & Hanisch, K. A. (1999) · Human Resource Management Review · doi:10.1016/s1053-4822(99)00029-7 · Cited by 70
A latent state-trait anxiety model and its application to determine consistency and specificity coefficients
Steyer, R., Majcen, A.-M., Schwenkmezger, P., & Buchner, A. (1989) · Anxiety Research · doi:10.1080/08917778908248726 · Cited by 70
Questionnaire Measurement of Infant and Child Temperament
Slabach, E. H., Morrow, J. D., & Wachs, T. D. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0643-4_14 · Cited by 70
Hypothesized Interdependence, Assumed Independence
Glick, W. H., & Roberts, K. H. (1984) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.1984.4277611 · Cited by 69
Understanding the psychological processes of the racial match effect in Asian Americans.
Meyer, O. L., Zane, N. W. S., & Cho, Y. I. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023605 · Cited by 81
Positive socialization mechanisms in secure and insecure parent–child dyads: two longitudinal studies
Kochanska, G., Woodard, J., Kim, S., Nordling, J. K., Yoon, J. E., & Barry, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02238.x · Cited by 69
A complex interplay among the parent–child relationship, effortful control, and internalized, rule-compatible conduct in young children: Evidence from two studies.
Kochanska, G., & Kim, S. (2013) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032330 · Cited by 71
Multidimensional arousal states, diurnal rhythms, cognitive and social processes, and extraversion
Thayer, R. E., Takahashi, P. J., & Pauli, J. A. (1988) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(88)90026-8 · Cited by 69
Genetic similarity theory, intelligence, and human mate choice
Rushton, J. P., & Nicholson, I. R. (1988) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(88)90004-0 · Cited by 69
Self-citation
Stressful Life Events, Social Support, and the Distress of Widowed and Divorced Women
Miller, N. B., Smerglia, V. L., GAUDET, D. S., & Kitson, G. C. (1998) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251398019002004 · Cited by 68
Does Work Pay Psychologically as Well as Economically? The Role of Employment in Predicting Depressive Symptoms and Parenting Among Low-Income Families
Raver, C. C. (2003) · Child Development · doi:10.1046/j.1467-8624.2003.00634.x · Cited by 107
Work–home interference and the relationship with job characteristics and well‐being: a South African study among employees in the construction industry
Mostert, K., Peeters, M. C. W., & Rost, I. (2011) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.1374 · Cited by 73
Implications of the Implicit Association Test D-Transformation for Psychological Assessment
Blanton, H., Jaccard, J. J., & Burrows, C. N. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114551382 · Cited by 67
A downscaled bathymetric mapping approach combining multitemporal Landsat-8 and high spatial resolution imagery: Demonstrations from clear to turbid waters
Liu, Y., Zhao, J. C., Deng, R., Liang, Y., Gao, Y., Chen, Q., Xiong, L., Liu, Y., Tang, Y., & Tang, D. (2021) · ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2021.07.015 · Cited by 66
Research on Information-Processing Factors in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: A Critical Commentary
Vasey, M. W., Dalgleish, T., & Silverman, W. K. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3201_08 · Cited by 66
Parceling in Structural Equation Modeling
Little, T. D., Rioux, C., Odejimi, O. A., & Stickley, Z. L. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009211659 · Cited by 67
A longitudinal investigation of the affective environment in families with young children: From infancy to early school age.
Barry, R. A., & Kochanska, G. (2010) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0018485 · Cited by 66
A longitudinal intergenerational analysis of executive functions during early childhood
Cuevas, K., Deater-Deckard, K. D., Kim‐Spoon, J., Wang, Z., Morasch, K. C., & Bell, M. A. (2013) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjdp.12021 · Cited by 73
Developmental sequelae and neurophysiologic substrates of sensory seeking in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder
Damiano, C. R., Woynaroski, T. G., Simon, D. M., Ibañez, L. V., Murias, M., Kirby, A. V., Newsom, C. R., Wallace, M. T., Stone, W. L., & Cascio, C. J. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.005 · Cited by 68
Cross-situational generality in the laboratory: Dominance and friendliness.
Moskowitz, D. S. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.829 · Cited by 65
Social ecological model of illness management in high-risk youths with type 1 diabetes.
Naar‐King, S., Podolski, C.-L., Ellis, D. A., Frey, M. A., & Templin, T. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.4.785 · Cited by 68
Multifaceted emotion regulation, stress and affect in mothers of young children
Deater-Deckard, K. D., Li, M., & Bell, M. A. (2015) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2015.1013087 · Cited by 80
On the Science of Rorschach Research
Meyer, G. J. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7501_6 · Cited by 64
Genetic similarity in male friendships
Rushton, J. P. (1989) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(89)90025-3 · Cited by 63
Self-citation
Individual differences in object recognition.
Richler, J. J., Tomarken, A. J., Sunday, M. A., Vickery, T. J., Ryan, K. F., Floyd, R. J., Sheinberg, D. L., Wong, A. C. ‐., & Gauthier, L. (2019) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000129 · Cited by 68
Marital satisfaction of parents of preadolescent boys and its relationship to family and child functioning.
Feldman, S. S., Wentzel, K. R., Weinberger, D. A., & MUNSON, J. A. (1990) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/0893-3200.4.2.213 · Cited by 63
Some facets of consistency: Replies to Epstein, Funder, and Bem.
Mischel, W., & Peake, P. K. (1983) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.90.4.394 · Cited by 63
The Science of Compassionate Love
Fehr, B., Sprecher, S., & Underwood, L. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444303070 · Cited by 66
How does childhood bilingualism and bi-dialectalism affect the interpretation and processing of pragmatic meanings?
Antoniou, K., Veenstra, A., Kissine, M., & Katsos, N. (2019) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728918001189 · Cited by 63
A foundation beam for studying morality from a personological point of view: Are individual differences in moral behaviors and thoughts consistent?
Meindl, P., Jayawickreme, E., Furr, R. M., & Fleeson, W. (2015) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2015.09.005 · Cited by 67
A Replication of Rorschach and MMPI-2 Convergent Validity
Meyer, G. J., Riethmiller, R. J., Brooks, R. D., Benoit, W. A., & Handler, L. (2000) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa7402_3 · Cited by 61
Socialization and Mothers' and Adolescents' Empathy-Related Characteristics
Eisenberg, N., & McNally, S. (1993) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0302_4 · Cited by 61
Training Effectiveness of Whole Body Flight Simulator Motion: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
de Winter, J., Dodou, D., & Mulder, M. (2012) · International Journal of Aviation Psychology · doi:10.1080/10508414.2012.663247 · Cited by 60
Visual analysis of multiple baseline across participants graphs when change is delayed.
Lieberman, R. G., Yoder, P. J., Reichow, B., & Wolery, M. R. (2010) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/a0018600 · Cited by 60
Quantity of Nonmaternal Care and Boys’ Problem Behavior/Adjustment at Ages 3 and 5: Exploring the Mediating Role of Parenting
Belsky, J. (1999) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1999.11024848 · Cited by 60
Rasch Measurement Model
Medvedev, O. N., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_4-1 · Cited by 59
Comparing the Reliability and Validity of Global Self-Report Measures of Subjective Well-Being With Experiential Day Reconstruction Measures
Hudson, N. W., Anusic, I., Lucas, R. E., & Donnellan, M. B. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117744660 · Cited by 73
Experience moderates overlap between object and face recognition, suggesting a common ability
Gauthier, L., McGugin, R. W., Richler, J. J., Herzmann, G., Speegle, M., & Gulick, A. E. V. (2014) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/14.8.7 · Cited by 61
Parental Values, Reinforcement, and Young Children's Prosocial Behavior: A Longitudinal Study
Eisenberg, N., Wolchik, S. A., Goldberg, L. L., & Engel, I. (1992) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1992.10753699 · Cited by 58
Speed choice versus celeration behavior as traffic accident predictor
af Wåhlberg, A. E. (2006) · Journal of Safety Research · doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2005.10.017 · Cited by 58
Viewing imitation as child responsiveness: A link between teaching and discipline domains of socialization.
Forman, D. R., & Kochanska, G. (2001) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.37.2.198 · Cited by 58
Individual Differences in Face Identity Processing with Fast Periodic Visual Stimulation
Xu, B., Liu‐Shuang, J., Rossion, B., & Tanaka, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_01126 · Cited by 57
Parental Personality as an Inner Resource That Moderates the Impact of Ecological Adversity on Parenting.
Kochanska, G., Aksan, N. S., Penney, S. J., & Boldt, L. J. (2007) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.1.13 · Cited by 78
Examining the Measurement Quality of Tests Containing Differentially Functioning Items: Do Biased Items Result in Poor Measurement?
Roznowski, M., & Reith, J. (1999) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/00131649921969839 · Cited by 57
Young children's social relationships with siblings and friends.
Volling, B. L., Youngblade, L. M., & Belsky, J. (1997) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0080215 · Cited by 59
Las necesidades formativas del profesorado en TIC: Perfiles formativos y elementos de complejidad
Cerveró, G. A., Suárez-Rodríguez, J. M., Belloch, C., & Bo, R. M. (2014) · RELIEVE - Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa · doi:10.7203/relieve.17.2.4006 · Cited by 56
Production deficiency hypothesis revisited: Adult age differences in strategy use as a function of processing resources
Verhaeghen, P., & Marcoen, A. (1994) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825589408256585 · Cited by 56
Do r-K strategies underlie human race differences? A reply to Weizmann et al.
Rushton, J. P. (1991) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/h0078957 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
On the Mismeasurement of Impulsivity: Trait, Behavioral, and Neural Models in Alcohol Research among Adolescents and Young Adults
King, K. M., Patock‐Peckham, J. A., Dager, A. D., Thimm, K., & Gates, J. R. (2014) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-013-0005-4 · Cited by 58
National Values and Tipping Customs: A Replication and Extension
Lynn, M., & Lynn, A. (2004) · Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research · doi:10.1177/1096348003256605 · Cited by 55
Differential Involvement in Delinquency: Toward an Interpretation in Terms of Reputation Management1 1The original research reported here, together with the preparation of this article, was supported by SSRC Grant HG 11/24/11 to the author. Thanks are due to Julie Dickinson, Derek Honour, Julie Pehl, Andrew Ross, and especially to Stanley Renwick and Stephen Reicher for assistance in the collection and analysis of data.
Emler, N. (1984) · Progress in experimental personality research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-541413-5.50008-5 · Cited by 54
Effects of Depression on Working Memory in Presymptomatic Huntington's Disease
Nehl, C., Ready, R. E., Hamilton, J. M., & Paulsen, J. S. (2001) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.13.3.342 · Cited by 54
CONVERGENCES AND DISCREPANCIES, AMONG MOTHERS' AND PROFESSIONALS' ASSESSMENTS OF DIFFICULT NEONATAL BEHAVIOUR
James‐Roberts, I. S., & Dieter Wolke, C. (1988) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1988.tb00686.x · Cited by 56
Mood Measurement: Current Status and Future Directions
Watson, D., & Vaidya, J. G. (2003) · Handbook of Psychology · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei0214 · Cited by 55

Authors: Rushton, J. P., Brainerd, C. J., & Pressley, M.
Affiliations: Western University (CA)
ORCID: Brainerd, Charles J.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1983-07
Volume: 94
Issue: 1
Pages: 18-38
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.94.1.18
OpenAlex: W2152174164
Cited by: 940
References: 100
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 38
FWCI: 32.85
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: construct validity, behavioral development, measurement error, personality stability, moral judgment, metacognition, attitude-behavior relationship, altruism, attachment, sex differences, cross-situational consistency, longitudinal stability

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Behavioral Development and Construct Validity: The Principle of Aggregation

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks