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Personal-space—where we now stand

Hayduk, Leslie A.·1983·Psychological Bulletin

DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.293

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Items 201–373 of 373

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Reducing crowding without increasing space: Some applications of an attributional theory of crowding
Worchel, S. (1978) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf00987549 · Cited by 19
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Nogami, G. Y. (1976) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01317.x · Cited by 19
When Compensation Fails: Mediating Effects of Sex and Locus of Control at Extended Interaction Distances
Aiello, J. R., & Thompson, D. E. (1980) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0101_5 · Cited by 18
Arousal change and cognitive labeling: Pursuing the mediators of intimacy exchange
Patterson, M. L. (1978) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01114529 · Cited by 18
Disruptive effects of disconfirmed expectancies about crowding.
Klein, K., & Harris, B. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.37.5.769 · Cited by 18
Physiological, Cognitive, and Nonverbal Responses to Repeated Exposure to Crowding1
Epstein, Y. M., Woolfolk, R. L., & Lehrer, P. M. (1981) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1981.tb00818.x · Cited by 18
The development of personal space in primary school children
Willis, F. N., Carlson, R. A., & Reeves, D. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01127363 · Cited by 18
Age and sex effects on personal space schemata toward body build in late childhood.
Lerner, R. M., Venning, J., & Knapp, J. R. (1975) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.11.6.855 · Cited by 18
Structure and process in interpersonal ?distancing?
Kaplan, K. J. (1977) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01145460 · Cited by 17
Spatial environments and verbal conditioning in a quasi-counseling interview.
Haase, R. F., & DiMattia, D. J. (1976) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.23.5.414 · Cited by 17
Influence of Proximity and Eye Contact on Impression Formation
Scherer, S. E. (1974) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1974.38.2.538 · Cited by 17
Relation of Status Incongruence to Personal Space
Latta, R. M. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400131 · Cited by 17
Contrasting Cultural Patterns of Interpersonal Closeness in Doctors' Waiting Rooms in Sydney and Jakarta
Noesjirwan, J. (1977) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/002202217783008 · Cited by 17
The Effects of Interaction Distance and Gender on Self-Disclosure in the Dyad
Skotko, V. P., & Langmeyer, D. (1977) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/3033520 · Cited by 17
Sex, Setting, and Personal Space: Changes as Children Grow Older
Price, G. H., & Dabbs, J. M. (1974) · Proceedings of the Division of Personality and Society Psychology · doi:10.1177/0146167274001001122 · Cited by 16
A test of equilibrium theory: Effects of topic intimacy and proximity on verbal and nonverbal behavior in pairs of friends and strangers
Sundstrom, E. D. (1978) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01114528 · Cited by 16
Race and modeling influences on the interpersonal play patterns of boys.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Brody, G. H. (1975) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.67.5.591 · Cited by 16
Interaction effects of internal vs. external locus of control and directive vs. nondirective therapy: Fact or fiction?
Messer, S. B., & Meinster, M. O. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198001)36:1 · Cited by 16
Stability of eye contact and physical distance across a series of structured interviews.
Daniell, R. J., & Lewis, P. (1972) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033160 · Cited by 16
Patterns of avoidance in response to interpersonal staring and proximity: Effects of bystanders on drivers at a traffic intersection.
Greenbaum, P. E., & Rosenfeld, H. M. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.36.6.575 · Cited by 16
Attractiveness and Interpersonal Space
Kmiecik, C., Mausar, P., & Banziger, G. (1979) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1979.9711646 · Cited by 16
The Effects of crowding on the behavior and perception of 10-year-old boys
Loo, C. M., & Smetana, J. (1978) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01135605 · Cited by 16
Recognition in episodic long-term memory in schizophrenia
Johnson, J. H., Klingler, D. E., & Williams, T. A. (1977) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197707)33:3 · Cited by 15
Field Study of the Relationship Between Status Discrepancy and Proxemic Behavior
Jorgenson, D. O. (1975) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1975.9923337 · Cited by 15
The Effects of Interpersonal Distance and Orientation Upon the Perception of Social Relationships
Wellens, A. R., & GOLDBERG, M. L. (1978) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1978.9921437 · Cited by 15
A laboratory study of proxemic patterns of Indonesians and Australians
Noesjirwan, J. (1978) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00288.x · Cited by 15
Effects of gaze, distance, and attractiveness on males' first impressions of females.
Kleinke, C. L., Staneski, R. A., & Pipp, S. L. (1975) · Cited by 15
Invasion of Personal Space: A Study of Departure Time as Affected by Sex of the Intruder, Sex of the Subject, and Saliency Condition
Ahmed, S. M. S. (1979) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1979.49.1.85 · Cited by 14
The Experience of Crowding
Sadalla, E. K., Burroughs, W. J., & Staplin, L. J. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400228 · Cited by 14
Teacher verbal and nonverbal behavioral expression toward selected pupils.
Brooks, D. M., & Wilson, B. J. (1978) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.70.2.147 · Cited by 14
The Relationships Between Slowness of Response, State Anxiety, Social Isolation and Self-Esteem, and Preferred Personal Space in the Elderly
Gioiella, E. C. (1978) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-19780101-10 · Cited by 14
An Unobtrusive Apparatus for Measuring Interpersonal Distances
Barnard, W. A., & Barnard, W. A. (1982) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.1982.9709910 · Cited by 14
Shared Space Invasion and Race
Brown, C. E. (1981) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728171016 · Cited by 14
Correlates of Behavioral Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/003329417303200336.1 · Cited by 14
Eye Contact, Sex, and the Violation of Personal Space
Buchanan, D. R., Goldman, M., & Juhnke, R. G. (1977) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1977.9713291 · Cited by 14
Convergent validity of personal space measures: Consistent results with low intercorrelations
Knowles, E. S. (1980) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986200 · Cited by 13
Misattributions to crowding: Blaming crowding for nondensity-caused events
Gochman, I. R., & Keating, J. P. (1980) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986817 · Cited by 13
Modeling and Personal Space Behavior in Children
Bailey, K. G., Hartnett, J. J., & Glover, H. W. (1973) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1973.9923873 · Cited by 13
Status versus warmth as determinants of sex differences in personal space
Wittig, M. A., & Skolnick, P. (1978) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00287194 · Cited by 13
SOME NONVERBAL ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN MOTHER AND PRESCHOOL CHILD
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Social Cohesion Effects on Spatial Cohesion
Knowles, E. S., & Brickner, M. A. (1981) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728172020 · Cited by 13
Close encounters of the stressful kind: Affective, physiological, and behavioral reactions to the experience of crowding
Walden, T. A., & Forsyth, D. R. (1981) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987935 · Cited by 13
Density and Personal Space in a Field Setting
Harris, B., Luginbuhl, J. E. R., & Fishbein, J. E. (1978) · Social Psychology · doi:10.2307/3033589 · Cited by 13
Empirical investigations of a reconceptualized personal space
Ashton, N. L., & Shaw, M. E. (1980) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334542 · Cited by 12
Personal space invasions: What happens when the invader asks permission?
Sundstrom, E. D., & Sundstrom, M. G. (1977) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01145823 · Cited by 12
"Hey Mister, Do You Have Any Change?": Two Real World Studies of Proxemic Effects on Compliance with a Mundane Request
Ernest, R. C., & Cooper, R. E. (1974) · Proceedings of the Division of Personality and Society Psychology · doi:10.1177/014616727400100154 · Cited by 12
EVALUATION OF A METHOD OF PREDICTING VIOLENCE IN OFFENDERS
Wilds, C. E. (1973) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1973.tb00606.x · Cited by 12
Interpersonal distance and personal space: A conceptual and methodological note
Strube, M., & Werner, C. M. (1982) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987065 · Cited by 12
Physical aggression after being crowded
Matthews, R., Paulus, P. B., & Baron, R. A. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986908 · Cited by 12
Eye Contact and Distance: A Re-Examination of Measurement Problems
Patterson, M. L. (1975) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727500100411 · Cited by 12
Social density: Its effects on behaviors and perceptions of preschoolers
Loo, C. M., & Kennelly, D. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01142588 · Cited by 12
Effect of familiar and unfamiliar environments on proximity behavior of young children
Castell, R. (1970) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(70)90022-6 · Cited by 12
Affective role enactment and expressive behavior.
Fromme, D. K., & Schmidt, C. K. (1972) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033722 · Cited by 12
Identifying violent offenders using a video measure of interpersonal distance.
Gilmour, D. R., & Walkey, F. H. (1981) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.49.2.287 · Cited by 12
A Field Experiment on the Effect of Political and Cultural Factors on the Use of Personal Space
Thayer, S., & Alban, L. S. (1972) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1972.9918683 · Cited by 12
Differences between Mexican-American and White Children in Interpersonal Distance and Social Touching
Ford, J., & Graves, J. R. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.3.779 · Cited by 12
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Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age, Sex, and Race
Dean, L. M., Willis, F. N., & Rocco, J. M. L. (1976) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1976.38.3.959 · Cited by 12
The proximity of others: A critique of crowding research and integration with the Social Sciences
Knowles, E. S. (1979) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf00972598 · Cited by 11
Personal distance in play therapy with an autistic and a symbiotic psychotic child.
Rogers, A. L., & Fine, H. J. (1977) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/h0087490 · Cited by 11
A factor analytic approach to the study of spatial density effects on preschoolers
Loo, C. M. (1979) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf00972601 · Cited by 11
Self-Disclosure, Body-Accessibility, and Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1973.33.3.975 · Cited by 11
Effects of an interpersonal game and of confinement on personal space.
Pedersen, D. M., & Shears, L. M. (1974) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037533 · Cited by 11
Seating Arrangement, Activity, and Sex Differences in Small Group Crowding
Patterson, M. L., Roth, C. P., & Schenk, C. (1979) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727900500122 · Cited by 11
Personality Correlates of Proximity Preferences
Sewell, A. F., & Heisler, J. T. (1973) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1973.9923874 · Cited by 11
Sibling resemblances in nonverbal skill and style
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Visual Interaction at Extended Distances
Aiello, J. R. (1976) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727600300113 · Cited by 10
The use of therapeutic interventions to reduce crowding-related arousal: A preliminary investigation
Karlin, R. A., Katz, S., Epstein, Y. M., et al. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01127365 · Cited by 10
An Exploration of Perception of Body Boundary, Personal Space, and Body Size in Elderly Persons
PHILLIPS, J. R. (1979) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1979.48.1.299 · Cited by 10
Using Projective Techniques to Measure Interaction Distance
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Ecological approaches to understanding human crowding
Baron, R. M. (1979) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf00972539 · Cited by 10
The Kinetic Family Drawing as a Measure of Interpersonal Distance
Holtz, R., Brannigan, G. G., & Schofield, J. J. (1980) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1980.10532834 · Cited by 10
Toward an understanding of the differences in the responses of humans and other animals to density.
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Interpersonal Proximity and Impression Formation: A Partial Examination of Hall's Proxemic Model
Tesch, F. E. (1979) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1979.9922672 · Cited by 10
Effect of insult upon personal space preferences
O’Neal, E. C., Brunault, M. A., Carifio, M. S., et al. (1980) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987055 · Cited by 10
Invasion of Males' Personal Space by Feminists and Non-Feminists
Tipton, R. M., Bailey, K. G., & Obenchain, J. P. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.37.1.99 · Cited by 9
The interpersonal distance of process and reactive schizophrenics.
Aronow, E., Reznikoff, M., & Tryon, W. W. (1975) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076317 · Cited by 9
The Personal Space of Hard‐of‐Hearing Children after Extended Contact with ‘Normals’
Mallenby, T. W., & MALLENBY, R. G. (1975) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1975.tb00177.x · Cited by 9
Personality Characteristics Related to Cross-Situational Consistency of Interpersonal Distance
Long, G. T., Calhoun, L. G., & Selby, J. W. (1977) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4103_8 · Cited by 9
Personal space preferences of hospitalized adults
Geden, E. A., & Begeman, A. V. (1981) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.4770040205 · Cited by 9
Personality and Demographic Correlates of Simulated Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1973.9923868 · Cited by 9
Personal space in nursery school children.
Gifford, R., & Price, J. (1979) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0081600 · Cited by 9
Alone and Crowded: The Effects of Spatial Restriction on Measures of Affect and Simulation Response
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Parental Nonverbal Behavior within the Family Context
Brody, G. H., & Stoneman, Z. (1981) · Family Relations · doi:10.2307/584129 · Cited by 9
Sex Differences in Reaction to Spatial Invasion
Polit, D. F., & LaFrance, M. (1977) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1977.9713239 · Cited by 9
Personal space: An unobtrusive measures study
Reid, E. C., & Novak, P. (1975) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03337629 · Cited by 9
Compensatory Response to Anticipated Densities1
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Behavior Problem Indices
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Terry, R. L., & Lower, M. (1979) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727900500326 · Cited by 8
The interpretation of nonverbal behavior in a role-defined interaction sequence: The police-citizen encounter
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Family Drawings as Measures of Interpersonal Distance
Brannigan, G. G., Schofield, J. J., & Holtz, R. (1982) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1982.9713422 · Cited by 8
Variables Influencing the Shape of Personal Space
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Perception of Crowding and Tolerance for Interpersonal Proximity and Separation in South Africa
Edwards, D. J. A. (1980) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1980.9924218 · Cited by 8
One-Year Stability of Children's Personal Space Schemata towards Body Build
Lerner, R. M., Karabenick, S. A., & Karabenick, S. A. (1975) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1975.10532366 · Cited by 8
Encroachments upon the Body Buffer Zones of the Young and Old Woman: A Naturalistic Study
Mishara, B. L., Brawley, P., Cheevers, M., et al. (1974) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/pgl7-taq3-xhbw-c36x · Cited by 8
Seating Arrangement and Social Influence: Moderated by Reinforcement Meaning and Internal-External Control
Russell, J. C., Firestone, I. J., & Baron, R. M. (1980) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033752 · Cited by 8
Relation of personal space to the human menstrual cycle.
Sanders, J. L. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Physical, social, and personal factors in the perception of crowding
Leventhal, G., & Levitt, L. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986911 · Cited by 7
Comparative evaluation of a videotaped measure of interpersonal distance.
Walkey, F. H., & Gilmour, D. R. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.47.3.575 · Cited by 7
Interpersonal Distance: Sibling Structure and Parental Affection Antecedents
Hollender, J. W., Duke, M. P., & Nowicki, S. (1973) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.1973.10533186 · Cited by 7
Relationship between Sociability and Personal Space Preference at Two Different Times of Day
Rodgers, J. A. (1972) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1972.35.2.519 · Cited by 7
Sex Differences in Use of Indoor Space by Preschool Children
Melson, G. F. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.44.1.207 · Cited by 7
Do you speak to strangers? A study of invasions of personal space
Skolnick, P., Frasier, L., & Hadar, I. (1977) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420070309 · Cited by 7
GAZE AND DISTANCE AS A FUNCTION OF CHANGES IN INTERPERSONAL GAZE
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An Attempted Clarification of the Psychological Distance Construct
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A test of the validity of projective and quasi‐projective measures of interpersonal distance
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A Comparison of Nonverbal Compensatory Behaviors Within Direct Face‐to‐Face and Television‐Mediated Interviews1
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Distance between Pairs of Acquaintances and Strangers on Public Benches in Nairobi, Kenya
Keating, C. F., & Keating, E. G. (1980) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1980.9924255 · Cited by 7
Personal Space, Body Image and Leadership: An Exploratory Study
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Personal Space Measurement: A Validational Comparison
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Personal Space: Direct Measurement Techniques with Hard-of-Hearing Children.
Mallenby, T. W. (1974) · Environment and Behavior · Cited by 6
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The influence of level of empathy and ambient noise on body buffer zone
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Personal Space Variations as a Function of Criminal Behavior
Booraem, C. D., Bodner, G. E., Flowers, J. V., et al. (1977) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1977.41.3f.1115 · Cited by 6
Behavioral Adjustment in Nonverbal Immediacy: A Methodological Note
Bakken, D. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400227 · Cited by 6
Effects of Attitude, Sex, and Approach on Nonverbal, Verbal and Projective Measures of Personal Space
Leventhal, G., Matturro, M., & Schanerman, J. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.1.107 · Cited by 6
Issues of crowding research: Vulnerable participants, assessing perceptions, and developmental differences
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Reactions to interperson distance and topic intimacy: A comparison of strangers and friends
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The Importance of Choice and Sex in Invasions of Interpersonal Space
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Psychological versus spatial determinants of social schema distance: A methodological note.
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Methodological Factors Affecting Interpersonal Distance in Dyads
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Use of An Auditory Technique in Personal Space Measurement
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Relations Among Sensation Seeking and Simulated and Behavioral Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1973.9915593 · Cited by 6
Effects of Procedural Variations in Measuring Interpersonal Distance by Means of Representational Space
Tolor, A. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.36.2.475 · Cited by 6
The Phenomenological Experience of Interpersonal Spacing
Ford, J., Knight, M. L., & Cramer, R. E. (1977) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/3033490 · Cited by 6
The Effects of Personal Space Variables Upon Approach and Attitudes Toward the Other in a Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Patterson, A. H., & Boles, W. E. (1974) · Proceedings of the Division of Personality and Society Psychology · doi:10.1177/0146167274001001123 · Cited by 5
Relationships among Self, other, and Consensual Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1973.36.3.732 · Cited by 5
PREDICTION OF BEHAVIORAL PERSONAL SPACE FROM SIMULATED PERSONAL SPACE
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1973.37.3.803 · Cited by 5
Fear and Sex-Similarity as Determinants of Personal Space
Schwarzwald, J., Kavish, N., Shoham, M., & Waysman, M. (1977) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1977.9921417 · Cited by 5
Validity of the Felt Figure Techniques: A Factor Analytic Approach
Steer, R. A., Thornton, C. C., & Ritting, C. A. (1974) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1974.10119972 · Cited by 5
A Multi‐Method Investigation of Two Family Constructs
KLOPPER, E. J., Tittler, B. I., Friedman, S. J., et al. (1978) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1978.00083.x · Cited by 5
Personal Space: Projective and Direct Measures with Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children
Mallenby, T. W. (1974) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1974.10119936 · Cited by 5
Getting What You Expect: Effects of Expectation on Intragroup Attraction and Interpersonal Distancel
Barrios, B. A., & Giesen, M. (1976) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727600300114 · Cited by 5
Projected Social Distance as a Function of Praise Conditions and Status Orientation: Comparison with Physical Interpersonal Spacing in the Laboratory
Adler, L. L., & Iverson, M. A. (1975) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1975.41.2.659 · Cited by 5
Age Differences and Degree of Acquaintance as Determinants of Interpersonal Distance
Naus, P. J., & Eckenrode, J. J. (1974) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923137 · Cited by 5
A Field Study of Interpersonal Distance in Early Childhood
Smetana, J. G., Bridgeman, D. L., & Bridgeman, B. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400229 · Cited by 5
The effects of sex and dominance upon personal space
Aono, A. (1981) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.52.124 · Cited by 5
Behavioral studies of personal space during early adolescence.
Whalen, C. K., Flowers, J. V., Fuller, M. J., et al. (1975) · Cited by 5
Comparison of Different Procedures to Assess Personal Space
Cronjé, F. J., & Möller, A. T. (1976) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1976.43.3.959 · Cited by 4
RACE, SETTING, AND ACTOR-TARGET DIFFERENCES IN PERSONAL SPACE
Tennis, G. H., & Dabbs, J. M. (1976) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1976.4.1.49 · Cited by 4
Violation of a Spacing Norm in High Social Density
Thalhofer, N. N. (1980) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00701.x · Cited by 4
A Paralinguistic Consideration of Proxemic Behavior
Ford, J., Cramer, R. E., & Owens, G. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.2.487 · Cited by 4
Effect of Room Size, Initial Approach Distance and Sex on Personal Space
Leventhal, G., Schanerman, J., & Matturro, M. (1978) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.3.792 · Cited by 4
Sex differences in proxemic behavior and personal space schemata in young children
Melson, G. F. (1977) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf00289692 · Cited by 4
A critique of figure placement procedures in studies of crowding
Knowles, E. S. (1978) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01114533 · Cited by 4
Spatially Dominated Nonverbal Communication of Children: A Methodological Study
Beach, D. R., & Sokoloff, M. J. (1974) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1974.38.3c.1303 · Cited by 4
Rank (status) and interaction distance
McKenzie, I. K., & STRONGMAN, K. T. (1981) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420110208 · Cited by 4
Factors Affecting Personal Space toward a Group
Pedersen, D. M. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.3.735 · Cited by 4
SOME PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES AND SPATIAL FACTORS IN THE PERCEPTION OF CROWDING
Iwata, O. (1978) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.20.1 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Spatial Density on Behavior Styles of Children.
Loo, C. M. (1976) · Cited by 4
A cross-cultural study of personal space in the family
Cade, T. M. (1972) · ScholarSpace (University of Hawaii at Manoa) · Cited by 3
The concept of dissonance and too much personal space
Bharucha-Reid, R. P., & Kiyak, H. A. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01006357 · Cited by 3
A Comparison of Two Measures of Interpersonal Distance
White, M. J., & Lira, F. T. (1978) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924054 · Cited by 3
On Construct Validity of the Concept of Interpersonal Distance
Aronow, E., Reznikoff, M., Tryon, W. W., et al. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.2.550 · Cited by 3
Conceptual dimensions of crowding reconsidered
Taylor, R. B. (1980) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf01255344 · Cited by 3
Small group ecology revisited: Personal space and role differentiation
Roger, D. B., & Reid, R. L. (1978) · British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1978.tb00895.x · Cited by 3
The Effects of Four Proxemic Zones on the Performance of Selected Sixth-, Seventh-, and Eighth-grade Students
Miller, J. F. (1978) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University) · Cited by 3
Complexity of Effects of Personal Space
Grossnickle, W. F., Lao, R. C., Martoccia, C. T., et al. (1975) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1975.36.1.237 · Cited by 3
Holoart: Playing with a Budding Technology
Holden, C. (1979) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.204.4388.40 · Cited by 2
Personal Space Methodology: Relation between Felt-Figures and Scores on Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale
Cohen, R. B., Sherman, M. F., & Sherman, N. C. (1982) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1982.54.1.257 · Cited by 2
Distancing Behavior in Relation to Statues in a Simulated Museum Setting
Breuer, L. F., & Lindauer, M. S. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.2.377 · Cited by 2
Research Note on “Invasion of Males' Personal Space by Feminists and Non-Feminists”
Powers, W. G., & Guess, D. (1976) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1976.38.3c.1300 · Cited by 2
GRAVITATION TOWARD WALLS AMONG HUMAN SUBJECTS
Dabbs, J. M., & Wheeler, P. A. (1976) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1976.4.1.121 · Cited by 1
Talavage's P-model: A translation of Rotter's social learning theory of behavior and its application to a conceptualization of interpersonal distance behavior
Duke, M. P. (1977) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(77)90036-8 · Cited by 1
Crowding: It Ain't Necessarily So
Patterson, A. H. (1976) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/015311 · Cited by 1
The Effect of Two Proxemic Variables upon Counselor and Client Evaluations of a Counseling Relationship
Klainer, D. R. (1977) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University) · Cited by 1
Institutionalized versus non-institutionalized mildly retarded populations: determination and comparison, based on Rotter's personal control theory, and a test of interpersonal distance
Moazami, M. (1976) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · Cited by 1
Untitled work
Kovacs (1977) · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(197704)33:2
Untitled work
(1949) · Max Planck Digital Library

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“However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966; Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”
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Authors: Hayduk, L. A.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Hayduk, Leslie A.
ORCID: Hayduk, Leslie A.
Venue: Psychological Bulletin
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1983-09
Volume: 94
Issue: 2
Pages: 293-335
ISSN: 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
1939-1455
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.94.2.293
OpenAlex: W2053190739
Cited by: 502
References: 373
Citations by year: 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 3.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
Keywords: personal space, interpersonal distance

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