The DOI matches its Crossref record; 373 of the 373 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Personal-space—where we now stand
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In the citing paper
“The personal space (PS) we keep between us and others is crucially influenced by our relationships with them; a closer, intimate zone being reserved for lovers.”
From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983
In the citing paper
“However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966;Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”
From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983
In the citing paper
“However, behavioral experiments in our lab, as well as others, show strong correlations between participants' preferences in these experiments and preferences in a more realistic behavioral measure of interpersonal distance in which participants choose their preferred distance from a stranger in a live interaction in the laboratory (i.e. the stop-distance paradigm, Hayduk, 1983; Perry Anat, Levy-G”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983
In the citing paper
“In real-life situations, keeping too far away from others signals low social motivation (26) and keeping close to others, especially strangers, may induce personal distress or social anxiety (26, 27).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“choosing closer projected distance does not necessarily predict interpersonal distance in a real-life situation as a result of potential increases of anxiety (26, 27).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
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Physical distance and attraction: An intensification effect
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The Effects of Lighting, Distance and Intimacy of Topic on Verbal and Visual Behavior
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Personal Space, Sex of Experimenter, and Locus of Control in Normal and Delinquent Adolescents
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Body Buffer Zone and Violence: A Reassessment and Confirmation
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Proxemic effects on cooperation, attitude, and approach-avoidance in a Prisoner's Dilemma game.
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Population density and pathology: Is there a relationship?
Freedman, J. L., Heshka, S., & Levy, A. S. (1975) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(75)90005-0 · Cited by 42
Distance and Liking: When Moving Close Produces Increased Liking
Kahn, A. S., & McGaughey, T. A. (1977) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/3033517 · Cited by 41
Unhelpful Behavior in the Street
Kammann, R., Thomson, R. J., & Irwin, R. (1979) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916579112006 · Cited by 40
Personal space in the faculty office: Desk placement and the student-faculty interaction.
Zweigenhaft, R. L. (1976) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-9010.61.4.529 · Cited by 39
Determinants of Nonstationary Personal Space Invasion
Sobel, R. S., & Lillith, N. (1975) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1975.9923310 · Cited by 39
Effects of Age and Sex on the Development of Personal Space Schemata towards Body Build
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Development of a Personal Space Measure
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Children's personal space as a function of age and sex.
Lomranz, J., Shapira, A., Choresh, N., et al. (1975) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.11.5.541 · Cited by 38
Interpersonal Relations in Preschool Children and Average Approach Distance
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Effects of nonverbal intimacy on arousal and behavioral adjustment
Patterson, M. L., Jordan, A., Hogan, M. B., & Frerker, D. L. (1981) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986135 · Cited by 37
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Affective and cognitive mediators of reactions to spatial invasions
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Kirmeyer, S. L. (1978) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916578102006 · Cited by 35
The Effect of Availability of Vertical Space on Personal Space
Cochran, C. D., & Urbanczyk, S. (1982) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1982.9923525 · Cited by 35
The Effects of Sex of Subject, Sex of Approaching Person, and Angle of Approach upon Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M., & Heaston, A. B. (1972) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1972.9923818 · Cited by 35
The Behavioral Effects of Crowding
Dean, L. M., Pugh, W. M., & Gunderson, E. K. E. (1978) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916578103007 · Cited by 35
Chapman, A. J. (1975) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.1975.3.2.143 · Cited by 34
Engebretson, D., & Fullmer, D. (1970) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/135910457000100305 · Cited by 34
Shared space: The co-operative control of spatial areas by two interacting individuals.
Efran, M. G., & Cheyne, J. A. (1973) · Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement · doi:10.1037/h0082345 · Cited by 33
Carrying Behavior in Humans: Analysis of Sex Differences
Jenni, D. A., & Jenni, M. A. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.194.4267.859 · Cited by 33
Interpersonal distance preferences
Thompson, D. E., Aiello, J. R., & Epstein, Y. M. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01006355 · Cited by 33
Neuroticism and Proxemic Behavior
Julio, S. D., & Duffy, K. G. (1977) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1977.45.1.51 · Cited by 33
Temporary territories?: Responses to intrusions in a public setting
Taylor, R. B., & Brooks, D. K. (1980) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf01254154 · Cited by 32
Developmental Trends in Personal Space
Pedersen, D. M. (1973) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1973.9915584 · Cited by 32
Personal Space: A Study of Blacks and Whites
Bauer, E. A. (1973) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786341 · Cited by 32
Proxemics in deviant adolescents.
Newman, R. C., & Pollack, D. (1973) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033961 · Cited by 31
Interpersonal Distance as Affected by Room Size, Status, and Sex
White, M. J. (1975) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1975.9918710 · Cited by 31
Interaction distance anxiety in the counseling dyad.
Dinges, N. G., & OETTING, E. R. (1972) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032427 · Cited by 31
A Brief Note on the Validity of the Comfortable Interpersonal Distance Scale
Duke, M. P., & Kiebach, C. (1974) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1974.9923221 · Cited by 31
Perceived Intimacy, Physical Distance and Eye Contact
Scherer, S. E., & Schiff, M. R. (1973) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1973.36.3.835 · Cited by 30
Interpersonal Spacing on Public Benches in “Contact”Vs.“Noncontact” Cultures
Mazur, A. (1977) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1977.9923983 · Cited by 29
White children's attitudes toward Blacks and the physically handicapped: A developmental study.
Katz, P. A., Katz, I., & Cohen, S. (1976) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.68.1.20 · Cited by 29
Perceptions of Crowding and Pleasantness in Public Settings
McClelland, L., & Auslander, N. (1978) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/001391657801000404 · Cited by 29
Burgess, J. W. (1979) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(79)92515-9 · Cited by 28
Physical Distance and Helping: Some Unexpected Benefits of “Crowding In” on Others1
Baron, R. A., & Bell, P. A. (1976) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1976.tb01316.x · Cited by 28
VISUAL INTERACTION AND DISTANCE
Stephenson, G. M., Rutter, D. R., & DORE, S. R. (1973) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1973.tb01349.x · Cited by 28
Social Determinants of Residential Crowding Stress
Aiello, J. R., Baum, A. E., & Gormley, F. P. (1981) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616728174021 · Cited by 28
Interactional synchrony: Genuine or spurious? A critique of recent research
Gatewood, J. B., & Rosenwein, R. E. (1981) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987933 · Cited by 28
Mode of Dress as a Perceptual Cue to Deference
Fortenberry, J. H., Maclean, J., Morris, P., et al. (1978) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924048 · Cited by 28
Psychological and Physical Dimensions of Personal Space
Gottheil, E., Corey, J. R., & Paredes, A. (1968) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.1968.10543442 · Cited by 27
Does civil inattention exist in pedestrian passing?
Cary, M. S. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.11.1185 · Cited by 27
Affective reactions to interpersonal distances by friends and strangers
Ashton, N. L., Shaw, M. E., & Worsham, A. P. (1980) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03334541 · Cited by 27
Eye-Contact, Distance, and Affiliation: The Role of Observer Bias
Knight, D. J., Langmeyer, D., & Lundgren, D. C. (1973) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786340 · Cited by 27
Thayer, S. (1980) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986510 · Cited by 26
Effects of Bodily Contact on Reactions to Crowding1
Nicosia, G. J., Hyman, D., Karlin, R. A., et al. (1979) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1979.tb00812.x · Cited by 25
Patterson, M. L., & Schaeffer, R. E. (1977) · Small Group Behavior · doi:10.1177/104649647700800403 · Cited by 25
Is There Reactance in Personal Space?
Edney, J. J., Walker, C. A., & Jordan, N. L. (1976) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1976.9711931 · Cited by 25
The effects of race and sex on Proxemic behavior in an interview setting
Rosegrant, T., & McCroskey, J. C. (1975) · Southern Speech Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/10417947509372282 · Cited by 25
Adler, L. L., & Iverson, M. A. (1974) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1974.39.2.683 · Cited by 25
A Comparison of Interpersonal Distancing Behavior in Young and Elderly Adults
Winogrond, I. R. (1981) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/tt33-d5jk-n23n-6ymt · Cited by 24
Burgess, J. W. (1980) · Behavioral and Neural Biology · doi:10.1016/s0163-1047(80)90869-9 · Cited by 24
Post, B., & Hetherington, E. M. (1974) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037258 · Cited by 24
Nonverbal Compensatory Reactions to Changes in Interpersonal Proximity
Coutts, L. M., & Ledden, M. (1977) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1977.9713275 · Cited by 24
Personal Space and Self-Concept
Stratton, L. O., Tekippe, D. J., & Flick, G. L. (1973) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786344 · Cited by 24
What is Signalled by Proximity?
Porter, E., Argyle, M., & Salter, V. (1970) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/003151257003000101 · Cited by 23
EYE‐CONTACT AND DISTANCE: A REPLY TO STEPHENSON AND RUTTER
Argyle, M. (1970) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1970.tb01258.x · Cited by 23
Curran, S. F., Blatchley, R. J., & Hanlon, T. E. (1978) · Correctional Psychologist · doi:10.1177/009385487800500104 · Cited by 23
Reconciling verbal and nonverbal models of dyadic communication
Firestone, I. J. (1977) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01127016 · Cited by 22
Body-Buffer Zone and Violence: A Cross-Cultural Study
Roger, D. B., & Schalekamp, E. E. (1976) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1976.9923385 · Cited by 22
Relationship of personal space to body-image boundary definiteness
Sanders, J. L. (1976) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/0092-6566(76)90062-3 · Cited by 22
Functional significance of the affiliative smile
Lockard, J. S., McVittie, R., & Isaac, L. M. (1977) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03337025 · Cited by 22
Reconciling apparent differences between the responses of humans and other animals to crowding.
Freedman, J. L. (1979) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.86.1.80 · Cited by 22
Invasions of personal space and helping: Mediating effects of invader's apparent need
Baron, R. A. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(78)90018-5 · Cited by 22
Clothing as a symbol of status: Its effect on control of interaction territory
Bouska, M. L., & Beatty, P. A. (1978) · Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society · doi:10.3758/bf03336817 · Cited by 21
Personal Space as a Predictor of Performance under Close Working Conditions
Rawls, J. R., Trego, R. E., McGaffey, C. N., et al. (1972) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1972.9918627 · Cited by 21
Effects of Sex and Smoking on Reactions to Spatial Invasion at a Shopping Mall
Bleda, P. R., & Bleda, S. E. (1978) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.1978.9924080 · Cited by 21
Effects of social density on men with ?close? or ?far? personal space
Dooley, B. B. (1978) · Population and Environment · doi:10.1007/bf00987553 · Cited by 21
Individual consistency in the proxemic behavior of preschool children.
Eberts, E. H., & Lepper, M. R. (1975) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.5.841 · Cited by 21
A multimethod assessment of personal space development in female and male, black and white children
Severy, L. J., Forsyth, D. R., & Wagner, P. J. (1979) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01006352 · Cited by 21
A multitrait-multimethod investigation of interpersonal distance
Greenberg, C. I., Strube, M., & Myers, R. A. (1980) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00986513 · Cited by 21
Hayduk, L. A., & Mainprize, S. (1980) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3033624 · Cited by 21
Self-citationSelf-Disclosure in Dyads as a Function of Distance and the Subject-Experimenter Relationship
Johnson, C. F., & Dabbs, J. M. (1976) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786518 · Cited by 21
The Social Ecology of Free Seating Arrangements in a Small Group Interaction Context
Hendrick, C., Giesen, M., & Coy, S. (1974) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786380 · Cited by 21
Handbook of Intercultural Communication
Asante, M. K., Newmark, E., & Blake, C. A. (1979) · Cited by 20
Attributional Consequences of Personal Space Invasions
Smith, R. J., & Knowles, E. S. (1978) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616727800400314 · Cited by 20
Conflicts and Directions in Proxemic Research
Watson, O. (1972) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1972.tb00167.x · Cited by 20
The Relationship Between Invasion of Personal Space and Stress
Kanaga, K. R., & Flynn, M. (1981) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678103400305 · Cited by 20
Effects of Interpersonal Distance on Children's Vocal Intensity
Johnson, C. J., Pick, H. L., Siegel, G. M., et al. (1981) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129198 · Cited by 19
Effect of proximity on anxiety and communication in the initial psychiatric interview.
Lassen, C. L. (1973) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034561 · Cited by 19
Development of social spacing in normal and mentally retarded children
Burgess, J. W. (1981) · Journal of Nonverbal Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf00987284 · Cited by 19
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Preferred interpersonal distances: A global comparison
Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Hilpert, P., Cantarero, K., Frackowiak, T., Ahmadi, K., Alghraibeh, A. M., Aryeetey, R., Bertoni, A., Bettache, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117698039 · Cited by 468
Personal space regulation by the human amygdala
Kennedy, D. P., Gläscher, J., Tyszka, J. M., & Adolphs, R. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2381 · Cited by 450
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Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Güntürkün, O., Deutschländer, S., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2755-12.2012 · Cited by 301
“However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966; Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayduk, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hayduk, Leslie A.
- ORCID
- Hayduk, Leslie A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1983-09
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 293-335
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2053190739
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 373
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- personal space, interpersonal distance
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