The DOI matches its Crossref record; 373 of the 373 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Personal-space—where we now stand
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The personal space (PS) we keep between us and others is crucially influenced by our relationships with them; a closer, intimate zone being reserved for lovers.”
From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983
In the citing paper
“However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966;Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”
From Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females (2012) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983
In the citing paper
“However, behavioral experiments in our lab, as well as others, show strong correlations between participants' preferences in these experiments and preferences in a more realistic behavioral measure of interpersonal distance in which participants choose their preferred distance from a stranger in a live interaction in the laboratory (i.e. the stop-distance paradigm, Hayduk, 1983; Perry Anat, Levy-G”
From OT promotes closer interpersonal distance among highly empathic individuals (2015) · cites this paper as Hayduk, 1983
In the citing paper
“In real-life situations, keeping too far away from others signals low social motivation (26) and keeping close to others, especially strangers, may induce personal distress or social anxiety (26, 27).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“choosing closer projected distance does not necessarily predict interpersonal distance in a real-life situation as a result of potential increases of anxiety (26, 27).”
From Placebo treatment facilitates social trust and approach behavior (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957) · Cited by 9,433
The measurement of psychological androgyny
Bem, S. L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0036215 · Cited by 8,522
Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of emotional state.
Schachter, S., & Singer, J. (1962) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0046234 · Cited by 6,223
Hall, E. T. (1973) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1572461 · Cited by 4,883
Distance to Nearest Neighbor as a Measure of Spatial Relationships in Populations
Clark, P. J., & Evans, F. C. (1954) · Ecology · doi:10.2307/1931034 · Cited by 3,921
Eye-Contact, Distance and Affiliation
Argyle, M., & Dean, J. (1965) · Sociometry · doi:10.2307/2786027 · Cited by 1,779
Beech, H. R. (1963) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(63)90032-1 · Cited by 1,679
The Interaction of Cognitive and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State
Schachter, S. (1964) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60048-9 · Cited by 1,186
Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority
Milgram, S. (1965) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872676501800105 · Cited by 1,141
A System for the Notation of Proxemic Behavior1
HALL, E. T. (1963) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020 · Cited by 1,046
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yee, N., Bailenson, J. N., Urbanek, M., Chang, F., & Merget, D. (2007) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9984 · Cited by 681
Preferred interpersonal distances: A global comparison
Sorokowska, A., Sorokowski, P., Hilpert, P., Cantarero, K., Frackowiak, T., Ahmadi, K., Alghraibeh, A. M., Aryeetey, R., Bertoni, A., Bettache, K., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117698039 · Cited by 468
Personal space regulation by the human amygdala
Kennedy, D. P., Gläscher, J., Tyszka, J. M., & Adolphs, R. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2381 · Cited by 450
Serino, A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.016 · Cited by 304
Oxytocin Modulates Social Distance between Males and Females
Scheele, D., Striepens, N., Güntürkün, O., Deutschländer, S., Maier, W., Kendrick, K. M., & Hurlemann, R. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2755-12.2012 · Cited by 301
“However, if an unfamiliar person violates our PS (Hall, 1966; Hayduk, 1983), we can feel uncomfortable, and so close approach must be carefully controlled.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hayduk, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hayduk, Leslie A.
- ORCID
- Hayduk, Leslie A.
- Venue
- Psychological Bulletin
- Published
- 1983-09
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 293-335
- ISSN
- 0033-2909 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1455
- OpenAlex
- W2053190739
- Cited by
- 502
- References
- 373
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Keywords
- personal space, interpersonal distance
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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