Cited by 6,682Social and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 293 of the 297 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes

Greenwald, Anthony G., Banaji, Mahzarin R.·1995·Psychological Review

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4

Cites

293 of 293 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
The Principles of Psychology
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Untitled work
(1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 25,810
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926
Untitled work
(1954) · Cited by 15,935
The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior
Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (2004) · Political Psychology · doi:10.4324/9780203505984-16 · Cited by 13,467
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317
Psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10,626

Show all 297 references

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 1,036

Implicit Romantic Fantasies and Women's Interest in Personal Power: A Glass Slipper Effect?
Rudman, L. A., & Heppen, J. B. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167203256906 · Cited by 179
What goes well with physics? Measuring and altering the image of science
Kessels, U., Rau, M., & Hannover, B. (2006) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1348/000709905x59961 · Cited by 184
The Application of Social Network Analysis in Agenda Setting Research: A Methodological Exploration
Гуо, Л. (2012) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.732148 · Cited by 170
On the gender–science stereotypes held by scientists: explicit accord with gender-ratios, implicit accord with scientific identity
Smyth, F. L., & Nosek, B. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00415 · Cited by 170
How do we know the minds of others? Domain-specificity, simulation, and enactive social cognition
Adolphs, R. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.127 · Cited by 180
Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions.
Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O'Brien, L. T., Greenwald, A. G., & Mellott, D. S. (2002) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/0882-7974.17.3.482 · Cited by 243
Self-citation
Consequences of Feeling Dissimilar from Others in a Work Team
Hobman, E., Bordia, P., & Gallois, C. (2003) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1022837207241 · Cited by 176
Implicit and Explicit Stigma of Mental Illness: Links to Clinical Care
Peris, T. S., Teachman, B. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181879dfd · Cited by 169
Can Antistigma Campaigns Be Improved? A Test of the Impact of Biogenetic Vs Psychosocial Causal Explanations on Implicit and Explicit Attitudes to Schizophrenia
Lincoln, T. M., Arens, E. A., Berger, C., & Rief, W. (2007) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbm131 · Cited by 179
Evaluative conditioning in social psychology: Facts and speculations
Walther, E., Nagengast, B., & Trasselli, C. (2005) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930441000274 · Cited by 169
Racial-ethnic biases, time pressure, and medical decisions
Stepanikova, I. (2012) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146512445807 · Cited by 168
Differential Association of Uniquely and Non Uniquely Human Emotions with the Ingroup and the Outgroup
Paladino, M. P., Leyens, J., Rodríguez, R., Pérez, A. R., Gaunt, R. A., & Demoulin, S. (2002) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430202005002539 · Cited by 168
Crowdsourcing hypothesis tests: Making transparent how design choices shape research results.
Landy, J. F., Jia, M. (., Ding, I. L., Viganola, D., Tierney, W., Dreber, A., Johannesson, M., Pfeiffer, T., Ebersole, C. R., Gronau, Q. F., et al. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000220 · Cited by 168
Six Lessons for a Cogent Science of Implicit Bias and Its Criticism
Gawronski, B. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619826015 · Cited by 272
Implicit Bias and Policing
Spencer, K. B., Charbonneau, A., & Glaser, J. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12210 · Cited by 214
Black and blue: Exploring racial bias and law enforcement in the killings of unarmed black male civilians.
Hall, A. V., Hall, E. V., & Perry, J. L. (2016) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0040109 · Cited by 167
Enculturation Trajectories: Language, Cultural Adaptation, and Individual Outcomes in Organizations
Srivastava, S. B., Goldberg, A., Manian, V. G., & Potts, C. (2017) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2671 · Cited by 167
Know thyself
Wilson, T. D. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01143.x · Cited by 163
Implicit Bias and Contact: The Role of Interethnic Friendships
Aberson, C. L., Shoemaker, C., & Tomolillo, C. (2004) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.3200/socp.144.3.335-347 · Cited by 166
Individual Differences in Reasoning: Implications for the Rationality Debate?
Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.026 · Cited by 178
The Development of Social Categorization
Rhodes, M., & Baron, A. S. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084824 · Cited by 201
Inside the Planning Fallacy: The Causes and Consequences of Optimistic Time Predictions
Buehler, R., Griffin, D., & Ross, M. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.016 · Cited by 169
Resistance of personal risk perceptions to debiasing interventions.
Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. P. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.2.132 · Cited by 614
When to Begin? Regulatory Focus and Initiating Goal Pursuit
Freitas, A. L., Liberman, N., Salovey, P., & Higgins, E. T. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202281011 · Cited by 170
Peer attachment and self-esteem: A meta-analytic review
Gorrese, A., & Ruggieri, R. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.025 · Cited by 164
Reducing Children's Implicit Racial Bias Through Exposure to Positive Out-Group Exemplars
Gonzalez, A. M., Steele, J. R., & Baron, A. S. (2016) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12582 · Cited by 164
Transcranial direct current stimulation
Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M. A., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2005) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.186.5.446 · Cited by 168
The Sylvia Plath Effect: Mental Illness in Eminent Creative Writers
Kaufman, J. C. (2001) · The Journal of Creative Behavior · doi:10.1002/j.2162-6057.2001.tb01220.x · Cited by 162
PERSPECTIVE—How Does Religion Matter and Why? Religion and the Organizational Sciences
Chan‐Serafin, S., Brief, A. P., & George, J. M. (2012) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1120.0797 · Cited by 167
The Interaction of Patient Race, Provider Bias, and Clinical Ambiguity on Pain Management Decisions
Hirsh, A. T., Hollingshead, N. A., Ashburn-Nardo, L., & Kroenke, K. (2015) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.003 · Cited by 162
Intergroup Perception and Cognition
Kawakami, K., Amodio, D. M., & Hugenberg, K. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.001 · Cited by 186
Envisioning a Culturally Imaginative Educational Psychology
King, R. B., McInerney, D. M., & Pitliya, R. J. (2018) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-018-9440-z · Cited by 170
Gender-specific teacher expectations in reading—The role of teachers’ gender stereotypes
Siems-Muntoni, F., & Retelsdorf, J. (2018) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2018.06.012 · Cited by 195
Can we undo our first impressions? The role of reinterpretation in reversing implicit evaluations.
Mann, T. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000021 · Cited by 171
Robin Hood Under the Hood: Wealth-Based Discrimination in Illicit Customer Help
Francesca Gino, B., & Pierce, L. (2010) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0498 · Cited by 161
The modern face of prejudice and structural features that moderate the effect of cooperation on affect.
Vanman, E. J., Paul, B. Y., Ito, T. A., & Miller, N. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.5.941 · Cited by 161
Race and Media Coverage of Hurricane Katrina: Analysis, Implications, and Future Research Questions
Sommers, S. R., Apfelbaum, E. P., Dukes, K. N., Toosi, N. R., & Wang, E. J. (2006) · Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2006.00103.x · Cited by 160
Developmental Sources of Implicit Attitudes
Rudman, L. A., Phelan, J. E., & Heppen, J. B. (2007) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167207307487 · Cited by 161
Assessment of Biases Against Latinos and African Americans Among Primary Care Providers and Community Members
Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Price, D. W., Hanratty, R., Fairclough, D. L., Farley, T., Hirsh, H. K., & Steiner, J. F. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300812 · Cited by 160
Toward a comprehensive understanding of executive cognitive function in implicit racial bias.
Ito, T. A., Friedman, N. P., Bartholow, B. D., Correll, J., Loersch, C., Altamirano, L. J., & Miyake, A. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038557 · Cited by 159
Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM): An Investigation of Their Implicit Gender Stereotypes and Stereotypes’ Connectedness to Math Performance
Smeding, A. (2012) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0209-4 · Cited by 159
Implicit Attitude Generalization Occurs Immediately; Explicit Attitude Generalization Takes Time
Ranganath, K. A., & Nosek, B. A. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02076.x · Cited by 159
Assessment of self-Injurious thoughts using a behavioral test
Nock, M. K., & Banaji, M. R. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.5.820 · Cited by 158
Self-citation
The Dominance of Associative Theorizing in Implicit Attitude Research: Propositional and Behavioral Alternatives
Hughes, S., Barnes‐Holmes, D., & Houwer, J. D. (2011) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395772 · Cited by 158
Implicit motivation to control prejudice
Glaser, J., & Knowles, E. D. (2007) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.01.002 · Cited by 158
Math–gender stereotypes and math-related beliefs in childhood and early adolescence
Passolunghi, M. C., Ferreira, T. I. R., & Tomasetto, C. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.05.005 · Cited by 180
Egocentric Ethics
Epley, N., & Caruso, E. M. (2004) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/b:sore.0000027408.72713.45 · Cited by 157
The Selfish Goal: Autonomously operating motivational structures as the proximate cause of human judgment and behavior
Huang, J. Y., & Bargh, J. A. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x13000290 · Cited by 173
The Illusion of Choice in Democratic Politics: The Unconscious Impact of Motivated Political Reasoning
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. G. (2016) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12321 · Cited by 174
Code Words in Political Discourse
Khoo, J. (2017) · Philosophical Topics · doi:10.5840/philtopics201745213 · Cited by 157
Close Relationships and the Working Self-Concept: Implicit and Explicit Effects of Priming Attachment on Agency and Communion
Bartz, J. A., & Lydon, J. E. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204264245 · Cited by 155
On becoming ready to pursue a goal you don't know you have: Effects of nonconscious goals on evaluative readiness.
Ferguson, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013263 · Cited by 155
Set up for a Fall
Park, S. H., Westphal, J. D., & Stern, I. (2011) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0001839211429102 · Cited by 160
Age Stereotypes and Aging
Hummert, M. L. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-380882-0.00016-4 · Cited by 155
Awareness, Salience, and Stereotypes in Exemplar-Based Models of Speech Production and Perception
Drager, K., & Kirtley, M. J. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139680448.003 · Cited by 155
Mental State Attribution to Robots: A Systematic Review of Conceptions, Methods, and Findings
Thellman, S., de Graaf, M. M. A., & Ziemke, T. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3526112 · Cited by 185
Implicit and Explicit Components of Prejudice
Bräuer, M., Wasel, W., & Niedenthal, P. M. (2000) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.4.1.79 · Cited by 155
Distinguishing automatic and controlled components of attitudes from direct and indirect measurement methods
Ranganath, K. A., Smith, C. T., & Nosek, B. A. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.12.008 · Cited by 254
How to Think, Say, or Do Precisely the Worst Thing for Any Occasion
Wegner, D. M. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1167346 · Cited by 163
Implicit Self and Identity
Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1279.009 · Cited by 152
Self-citation
Figure-Ground Asymmetries in the Implicit Association Test (IAT)
Rothermund, K., & Wentura, D. (2001) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1026//0949-3946.48.2.94 · Cited by 157
Racial ingroup and outgroup attention biases revealed by event-related brain potentials
Dickter, C. L., & Bartholow, B. D. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm012 · Cited by 167
Associations Between Religious Personality Dimensions and Implicit Homosexual Prejudice
Rowatt, W. C., Tsang, J.-A. C., KELLY, J., LaMARTINA, B., McCULLERS, M., & McKINLEY, A. (2006) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2006.00314.x · Cited by 153
An Examination of Whether and How Racial and Gender Biases Influence Customer Satisfaction
Hekman, D. R., Aquino, K. F., Owens, B. P., Mitchell, T. R., Schilpzand, P., & Leavitt, K. (2010) · Academy of Management Journal · doi:10.5465/amj.2010.49388763 · Cited by 155
Perception and Evaluation in Human–Robot Interaction: The Human–Robot Interaction Evaluation Scale (HRIES)—A Multicomponent Approach of Anthropomorphism
Spatola, N., Kühnlenz, B., & Cheng, G. (2021) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-020-00667-4 · Cited by 167
Attitudes to the right- and left: Frontal ERP asymmetries associated with stimulus valence and processing goals
Cunningham, W. A., Espinet, S. D., DeYoung, C. G., & Zelazo, P. D. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.04.044 · Cited by 157
The development and psychometric validation of the Disability Attitude Implicit Association Test.
Pruett, S. R., & Chan, F. H. (2006) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/0090-5550.51.3.202 · Cited by 152
A Social-Cognitive-Ecological Framework for Understanding the Impact of Exposure to Persistent Ethnic–Political Violence on Children’s Psychosocial Adjustment
Dubow, E. F., Huesmann, L. R., & Boxer, P. (2009) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-009-0050-7 · Cited by 152
When Truth Is Personally Inconvenient, Attitudes Change
Rudman, L. A., McLean, M. C., & Bunzl, M. (2013) · Psychology Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613492775 · Cited by 154
Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison
Reich, R. R., Below, M. C., & Goldman, M. S. (2010) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0016556 · Cited by 152
Effects of situational power on automatic racial prejudice
Richeson, J. A., & Ambady, N. (2003) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00521-8 · Cited by 151
The Art of Laboratory Experimentation
Wilson, T. D., Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, K. M. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001002 · Cited by 151
Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists
Daugherty, S. L., Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Furniss, A., Dickinson, L. M., Karimkhani, E., Main, D. S., & Masoudi, F. A. (2017) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.006872 · Cited by 150
The importance of protesters' morals: moral obligation as a key variable to understand collective action
Sabucedo, J.-M., Dono, M., Alzate, M., & Seoane, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00418 · Cited by 149
“This devaluation is not likely to happen however, as people will resort to cognitive strategies in order to reduce cognitive dissonance and self-discrepancy, such as looking for external causes for non-compliance (Greenwald and Banaji, 1995).”
Background
Cultural Competency, Race, and Skin Tone Bias Among Pharmacy, Nursing, and Medical Students
White‐Means, S. I., Dong, Z., Hufstader, M. A., & Brown, L. T. (2009) · Medical Care Research and Review · doi:10.1177/1077558709333995 · Cited by 159
Is Formal Ethics Training Merely Cosmetic? A Study of Ethics Training and Ethical Organizational Culture
Warren, D. E., Gaspar, J. P., & Laufer, W. S. (2014) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.5840/beq2014233 · Cited by 154
Self-reports are better measurement instruments than implicit measures
Corneille, O., & Gawronski, B. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00376-z · Cited by 191
Inferential Correction
Gilbert, D. T. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.011 · Cited by 153
Intuition versus analysis: Strategy and experience in complex everyday problem solving
Pretz, J. E. (2008) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/mc.36.3.554 · Cited by 148
The Nature of Intuition and Its Neglect in Research on Judgment and Decision Making
Betsch, T. (2008) · doi:10.4324/9780203838099-7 · Cited by 145
Implicit-Bias Remedies: Treating Discriminatory Bias as a Public-Health Problem
Greenwald, A. G., Dasgupta, N., Dovidio, J. F., Kang, J., Moss‐Racusin, C. A., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006211070781 · Cited by 176
Self-citation
Feelings as Information: Moods Influence Judgments and Processing Strategies
Schwarz, N. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.031 · Cited by 149
The calibration of expert judgment: heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory
Koehler, D. J., Brenner, L., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.041 · Cited by 146
An analysis of ideomotor action.
Knuf, L., Aschersleben, G., & Prinz, W. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.779 · Cited by 147
Ideology and Brand Consumption
Khan, R., Misra, K., & Singh, V. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612457379 · Cited by 147
Violence in Social Life
Jackman, M. R. (2002) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.140936 · Cited by 149
Weight bias among UK trainee dietitians, doctors, nurses and nutritionists
Swift, J. A., Hanlon, S., El‐Redy, L., Puhl, R. M., & Glazebrook, C. (2012) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12019 · Cited by 148
A History of Implicit Social Cognition Where Is It Coming From? Where Is It Now? Where Is It Going?
Payne, B. K., & Gawronski, B. (2010) · Cited by 147
Health Care Providers' Attitudes and Beliefs Towards Common Low Back Pain: Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the HC-PAIRS
Houben, R. M. A., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Peters, M. L., Ostelo, R., Wolters, P. M. J. C., & den Berg, S. G. M. S. (2003) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200401000-00008 · Cited by 151
Attitude Representation: Attitudes as Patterns in a Distributed, Connectionist Representational System
Conrey, F. R., & Smith, E. R. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.718 · Cited by 157
Not All Work-Life Policies Are Created Equal: Career Consequences of Using Enabling Versus Enclosing Work-Life Policies
Bourdeau, S., Ollier‐Malaterre, A., & Houlfort, N. (2018) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2016.0429 · Cited by 160
Implicit Attitudes Toward Arab-Muslims and the Moderating Effects of Social Information
Park, J., Felix, K. J., & Lee, G. (2007) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/01973530701330942 · Cited by 146
Religion and Spirituality in Adolescent Development
King, P. E., & Roeser, R. W. (2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479193.adlpsy001014 · Cited by 149
A Dynamic Perspective on Diverse Teams: Moving from the Dual-Process Model to a Dynamic Coordination-based Model of Diverse Team Performance
Srikanth, K., Harvey, S., & Peterson, R. S. (2016) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520.2016.1120973 · Cited by 145
Social motives and cognitive power-sex associations: Predictors of aggressive sexual behavior.
Zurbriggen, E. L. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.559 · Cited by 158
Consumer Attitudes Revisited: A Review of Attitude Theory in Marketing Research
Argyriou, E., & Melewar, T. C. (2011) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00299.x · Cited by 171
Race and Inequality in the War on Drugs
Provine, D. M. (2011) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-102510-105445 · Cited by 145
The influence of goals on value and choice
Markman, A. B., & Brendl, C. M. (2000) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(00)80032-8 · Cited by 148
Compelled to consume: The Implicit Association Test and automatic alcohol motivation.
Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2006) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.20.3.322 · Cited by 143
Implicit Science Stereotypes Mediate the Relationship between Gender and Academic Participation
Lane, K. A., Goh, J. X., & Driver‐Linn, E. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0036-z · Cited by 160

Authors: Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Yale University (US)
ORCID: Greenwald, Anthony G.
Banaji, Mahzarin R.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 102
Issue: 1
Pages: 4-27
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4
OpenAlex: W1965514675
Cited by: 6,682
References: 297
Citations by year: 2026: 208 · 2025: 313 · 2024: 283 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 326 · 2021: 304 · 2020: 501 · 2019: 379 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 284 · 2016: 300 · 2015: 270 · 2014: 256 · 2013: 267 · 2012: 253
FWCI: 232.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9205890, 9120987)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH041328, MH41328)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: implicit cognition, implicit attitudes, self-esteem, implicit stereotypes, prejudice, indirect measures, attentional focus, discrimination, affirmative action, construct validity
MeSH terms: Attitude, Humans, Prejudice, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Stereotyping, Unconscious, Psychology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks