Implicit Gender Bias and the Use of Cardiovascular Tests Among Cardiologists
Open accessAbstract
Background: Physicians' gender bias may contribute to gender disparities in cardiovascular testing. We used the Implicit Association Test to examine the association of implicit gender biases with decisions to use cardiovascular tests. Methods and Results: In 2014, cardiologists completed Implicit Association Tests and a clinical vignette with patient gender randomly assigned. The Implicit Association Tests measured implicit gender bias for the characteristics of strength and risk taking. The vignette represented an intermediate likelihood of coronary artery disease regardless of patient gender: chest pain (part 1) followed by an abnormal exercise treadmill test (part 2). Cardiologists rated the likelihood of coronary artery disease and the usefulness of stress testing and angiography for the assigned patient. Of the 503 respondents (9.3% of eligible; 87% male, median age of 45 years, 58% in private practice), the majority associated strength or risk taking implicitly with male more than female patients. The estimated likelihood of coronary artery disease for both parts of the vignette was similar by patient gender. The utility of secondary stress testing after an abnormal exercise treadmill test was rated as “high” more often for female than male patients (32.8% versus 24.3%, P =0.04); this difference did not vary with implicit bias. Angiography was more consistently rated as having “high” utility for male versus female patients (part 1: 19.7% versus 9.8%; part 2: 73.7% versus 64.3%; P <0.05 for both); this difference was larger for cardiologists with higher implicit gender bias on risk taking ( P =0.01). Conclusions: Cardiologists have varying degrees of implicit gender bias. This bias explained some, but not all, of the gender variability in simulated clinical decision‐making for suspected coronary artery disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Physicians are typically trained to recognise patterns of angina and myocardial infarction that occur more frequently in men, resulting in women being typically under-diagnosed for coronary artery disease.
“Indeed, physicians are typically trained to recognise patterns of angina and myocardial infarction that occur more frequently in men, resulting in women being typically under-diagnosed for coronary artery disease115.”
From Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare (2020) · cites this paper as [115]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 11,720 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464 · Cited by 9,210 · see citing works
Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4 · Cited by 6,682 · see citing works
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197 · Cited by 5,815 · see citing works
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673 · see citing works
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.
Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015575 · Cited by 3,257 · see citing works
ACC/AHA 2002 Guideline Update for Exercise Testing: Summary Article
Gibbons, R. J., Balady, G. J., Bricker, J. T., CHAITMAN, B. R., Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Mark, D. B., McCallister, B. D., Mooss, A. N., O’Reilly, M. G., et al. (2002) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000034670.06526.15 · Cited by 2,606 · see citing works
Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review
FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 · Cited by 2,398 · see citing works
The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization
Schulman, K. A., Berlin, J. A., Harless, W., Kerner, J. F., Sistrunk, S., Gersh, B. J., Dubé, R., Taleghani, C. K., Burke, J. E., Williams, S., et al. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199902253400806 · Cited by 1,934 · see citing works
Prescriptive Gender Stereotypes and Backlash Toward Agentic Women
Rudman, L. A., & Glick, P. (2001) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00239 · Cited by 1,881 · see citing works
Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of women and men into social roles.
Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.46.4.735 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Green, A. R., Carney, D. R., Pallin, D. J., Ngo, L. H., Raymond, K. L., Iezzoni, L. I., & Banaji, M. R. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0258-5 · Cited by 1,460 · see citing works
Harvesting implicit group attitudes and beliefs from a demonstration web site.
Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (2002) · Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice · doi:10.1037/1089-2699.6.1.101 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
On the Nature of Prejudice: Automatic and Controlled Processes
Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1997.1331 · Cited by 1,270 · see citing works
A lifespan database of adult facial stimuli
Minear, M. E., & Park, D. C. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206543 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Differences in the use of procedures between women and men hospitalized for coronary heart disease
Ayanian, J. Z., & Epstein, A. M. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199107253250401 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
Understanding and Using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method Variables and Construct Validity
Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204271418 · Cited by 1,158 · see citing works
The Malleability of Automatic Stereotypes and Prejudice
Blair, I. V. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0603_8 · Cited by 1,152 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring physician specialist response rates to web-based surveys
Cunningham, C. T., Quan, H., Hemmelgarn, B., Noseworthy, T., Beck, C. A., Dixon, E., Samuel, S., Ghali, W. A., Sykes, L. L., & Jetté, N. (2015) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-015-0016-z · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity
Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00328 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Physician response to surveys A review of the literature
Kellerman, S. (2001) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00258-0 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Management of Coronary Artery Disease
Steingart, R. M., Packer, M., Hamm, P., Coglianese, M. E., Gersh, B. J., Geltman, E. M., Sollano, J., Katz, S., Moyé, L., Basta, L. L., et al. (1991) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199107253250402 · Cited by 898 · see citing works
Cooper, L. A., Roter, D. L., Carson, K. A., Beach, M. C., Sabin, J. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Inui, T. S. (2012) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2011.300558 · Cited by 815 · see citing works
Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes Toward Women and Men
Eagly, A. H., & Mladinic, A. (1989) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167289154008 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Advancing Health Disparities Research Within the Health Care System: A Conceptual Framework
Kilbourne, A. M., Switzer, G., Hyman, K., Crowley-Matoka, M., & Fine, M. J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2005.077628 · Cited by 761 · see citing works
Measurement Errors in Surveys.
Vogel, F. A., Biemer, P. P., Groves, R. M., Lyberg, L. E., Mathiowetz, N. A., & Sudman, S. (1992) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290676 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Women and Ischemic Heart Disease
Shaw, L. J., Bugiardini, R., & Merz, C. N. B. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.098 · Cited by 662 · see citing works
Blomkalns, A. L., Chen, A. Y., Hochman, J. S., Peterson, E. D., Trynosky, K. J., Diercks, D. B., Brogan, G. X., Boden, W. E., Roe, M. T., Ohman, E. M., et al. (2005) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.11.055 · Cited by 652 · see citing works
Implicit Measures of Attitudes
Stacks, D. W. (2007) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Reducing Racial Bias Among Health Care Providers: Lessons from Social-Cognitive Psychology
Burgess, D., van Ryn, M., Dovidio, J., & Saha, S. (2007) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0160-1 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Measurement Errors in Surveys.
Tanur, J. M., Biemer, P. P., Groves, R. M., Lyberg, L. E., Mathiowetz, N. A., & Sudman, S. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074470 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
Sex Bias in Considering Coronary Bypass Surgery
Tobin, J. N., WASSERTHEIL-SMOLLER, S., WEXLER, J. P., STEINGART, R. M., BUDNER, N., LENSE, L., & WACHSPRESS, J. (1987) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-107-1-19 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Research on the Provider Contribution to Race/Ethnicity Disparities in Medical Care
van Ryn, M. (2002) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-200201001-00015 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Physicians’ Implicit and Explicit Attitudes About Race by MD Race, Ethnicity, and Gender
Sabin, J. A., Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Rivara, F. P. (2009) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.0.0185 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. (2016) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430216642029 · Cited by 381 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The IAT has been used to measure race/ethnicity bias and has predicts behavior including physicians’ treatment recommendations for hypothetical patients.(28,34) Although the IAT has been used to measure implicit gender bias in career and educational roles,(35,36) no study has examined the association between implicit…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationShaw, L. J., Miller, D. D., Romeis, J. C., Kargl, D., Younis, L. T., & CHAITMAN, B. R. (1994) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-120-7-199404010-00005 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Hamberg, K. (2008) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/17455057.4.3.237 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping as sources of health disparities
Balsa, A. I., & McGuire, T. G. (2003) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(02)00098-x · Cited by 333 · see citing works
(2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410605887 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Social cognition: Categorical person perception
Macrae, C. N., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2001) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712601162059 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Haider, A. H., Sexton, J., Sriram, N., Cooper, L. A., Efron, D. T., Swoboda, S., Villegas, C. V., Haut, E. R., Bonds, M., Pronovost, P. J., et al. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1248 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Implicit measures of attitudes.
Wittenbrink, B., & Schwarz, N. (2007) · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Mieres, J. H., Gulati, M., Merz, C. N. B., Berman, D. S., Gerber, T. C., Hayes, S. N., Kramer, C. M., Min, J. K., Newby, L. K., Nixon, J., et al. (2014) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000061 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Smyth, F. L., & Nosek, B. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00415 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Hamberg, K., Risberg, G., Johansson, E. E., & Westman, G. A. (2002) · Journal of Women s Health & Gender-Based Medicine · doi:10.1089/152460902760360595 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Flanigan, T. S., McFarlane, E., & Cook, S. (2008) · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Price, D. W., Hanratty, R., Fairclough, D. L., Farley, T., Hirsh, H. K., & Steiner, J. F. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.300812 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationWhen Does A Difference Become A Disparity? Conceptualizing Racial And Ethnic Disparities In Health
Hebert, P. L., Sisk, J. E., & Howell, E. A. (2008) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.374 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Cognitive Laboratory Methods: A Taxonomy
Forsyth, B., & Lessler, J. T. (2004) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/9781118150382.ch20 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
A theoretical model for analysing gender bias in medicine
Risberg, G., Johansson, E. E., & Hamberg, K. (2009) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-28 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Evolution of Gender Stereotypes in Spain: Traits and Roles
López-Sáez, M., Morales, J. F., & Lisbona, A. (2008) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/s1138741600004613 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Differences, Disparities, and Biases: Clarifying Racial Variations in Health Care Use
Rathore, S. S., & Krumholz, H. M. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-8-200410190-00011 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Maserejian, N. N., Link, C. L., Lutfey, K. L., Marceau, L. D., & McKinlay, J. B. (2009) · Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2008.1007 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Chang, A. M., Mumma, B. E., Sease, K. L., Robey, J. L., Shofer, F. S., & Hollander, J. E. (2007) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1355 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Physicians' attitudes toward preventive therapy for coronary artery disease: Is there a gender bias?
Abuful, A., Gidron, Y., & Henkin, Y. (2005) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960280809 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Miller, T. D., Roger, V. L., Hodge, D. O., Hopfenspirger, M. R., Bailey, K. R., & Gibbons, R. J. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01413-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Survey Results: A Decade of Change in Professional Life in Cardiology
Poppas, A., Cummings, J. E., Dorbala, S., Douglas, P. S., Foster, E., & Limacher, M. C. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.008 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Racial and sex differences in refusal of coronary angiography
Heidenreich, P. A., Shlipak, M. G., Geppert, J., & McClellan, M. (2002) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01221-4 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Lutfey, K. E., Link, C. L., Marceau, L. D., Grant, R. W., Adams, A., Arber, S., Siegrist, J., Bönte, M., von dem Knesebeck, O., & McKinlay, J. B. (2009) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x09331811 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sanghavi, M. (2013) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.113.000449 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hlatky, M. A., & Shaw, L. J. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.11.002 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The relationship between gender and clinical management after exercise stress testing
Daugherty, S. L., Peterson, P. N., Magid, D. J., Ho, P. M., Bondy, J., Hokanson, J. E., Ross, C. A., Rumsfeld, J. S., & Masoudi, F. A. (2008) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.03.022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationUsing Patients’ Narratives to Reveal Gender Stereotypes Among Medical Students
Andersson, J., Salander, P., & Hamberg, K. (2013) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318295b3fe · Cited by 13 · see citing works
All Else Being Equal, Men and Women Are Still Not the Same
Paulus, J. K., Shah, N. D., & Kent, D. M. (2015) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.115.001842 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Do Sex Differences Exist in Patient Preferences for Cardiovascular Testing?
Daugherty, S. L., & Magid, D. J. (2011) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.01.010 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 66 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [11]Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR. Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care, Board on Health Sciences Policy, and Institute of Medicine, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2003. 25032386
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sex and gender differences and biases in artificial intelligence for biomedicine and healthcare
Cirillo, D., Catuara-Solarz, S., Morey, C., Guney, E., Subirats, L., Mellino, S., Gigante, A., Valencia, A., Rementeria, M. J., Chadha, A. S., et al. (2020) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-020-0288-5 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Zack, T., Lehman, E., Suzgun, M., Rodriguez, J. A., Celi, L. A., Gichoya, J., Jurafsky, D., Szolovits, P., Bates, D. W., Abdulnour, R.-E. E., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Digital Health · doi:10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00225-x · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease and the Female Disadvantage
Woodward, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071165 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Eberly, L. A., Richterman, A., Beckett, A. G., Wispelwey, B., Marsh, R. H., Cleveland Manchanda, E. C., Chang, C. Y., Glynn, R. J., Brooks, K. C., Boxer, R., et al. (2019) · Circulation: Heart Failure · doi:10.1161/circheartfailure.119.006214 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Association of Gender and Race With Allocation of Advanced Heart Failure Therapies
Breathett, K. K., Yee, E., Pool, N. M., Hebdon, M., Crist, J. D., Yee, R., Knapp, S. M., Solola, S., Luy, L. P., Herrera‐Theut, K., et al. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11044 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Lee, K. K., Ferry, A. V., Anand, A., Strachan, F. E., Chapman, A. R., Kimenai, D. M., Meex, S. J. R., Berry, C., Findlay, I. N., Reid, A. W., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.082 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
DeFilippis, E. M., Collins, B., Singh, A., Biery, D. W., Fatima, A., Qamar, A., Berman, A. N., Gupta, A., Cawley, M., Wood, M. J., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa662 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Cardio-Oncology and Heart Failure: a Scientific Statement From the Heart Failure Society of America
Bloom, M. W., Vo, J. B., Rodgers, J. E., FERRARI, A. M., Nohria, A., Deswal, A. M., Cheng, R. K.-H., Kittleson, M. M., Upshaw, J. N., Palaskas, N. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2024.08.045 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Ohman, R. E., Yang, E., & Abel, M. L. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.023852 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Epidemiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms
Marcaccio, C. L., & Schermerhorn, M. L. (2021) · Seminars in Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2021.02.004 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Under-Enrollment of Women in Stroke Clinical Trials
Carcel, C., & Reeves, M. J. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.033227 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Sheringham, J., Kuhn, I., & Burt, J. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01247-4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates by Physician and Patient Sex
Miyawaki, A., Jena, A. B., Rotenstein, L. S., & Tsugawa, Y. (2024) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m23-3163 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Unconscious Bias among Health Professionals: A Scoping Review
Meidert, U., Dönnges, G., Bucher, T., Wieber, F., & Gerber-Grote, A. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20166569 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sex is a defining feature of neuroimaging phenotypes in major brain disorders
Salminen, L. E., Tubi, M., Bright, J. K., Thomopoulos, S., Wieand, A., & Thompson, P. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25438 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Balla, S., Ekpo, E., Wilemon, K. A., Knowles, J. W., & Rodríguez, F. (2020) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-020-00881-5 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Ross, A. B., Kalia, V., Chan, B. Y., & Li, G. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05698-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Symptom Phenotypes Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Brush, J. E., Krumholz, H. M., Greene, E. J., & Dreyer, R. P. (2020) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.119.005948 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Gender Stereotypes Explain Disparities in Pain Care and Inform Equitable Policies
Lloyd, E. P., Paganini, G. A., & ten Brinke, L. (2020) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732220942894 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mateo, C. M., & Williams, D. R. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003683 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Champagne‐Langabeer, T., & Hedges, A. L. (2021) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-021-02601-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Inherent Bias in Electronic Health Records: A Scoping Review of Sources of Bias
Perets, O., Stagno, E., Yehuda, E. B., McNichol, M. C., Celi, L. A., Rappoport, N., & Dorotić, M. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3757924 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Racial/Ethnic and Gender Disparities in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Mwansa, H., Lewsey, S. C., Mazimba, S., & Breathett, K. K. (2021) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-021-00502-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Trends of Sex Differences in Clinical Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction in the United States
Matetić, A., Shamkhani, W., Rashid, M. O., Volgman, A. S., Spall, H. G. C. V., Coutinho, T. A., Mehta, L. S., Sharma, G. V., Parwani, P. J., Mohamed, M., et al. (2021) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2021.06.012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sex and Gender Bias as a Mechanistic Determinant of Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes
Kim, I., Field, T. S., Wan, D., Humphries, K. H., & Sedlak, T. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2022.09.009 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Bansal, A., Cremer, P. C., Jaber, W. A., Rampersad, P. P., & Menon, V. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.120.020095 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dhruva, S. S., Dziura, J. D., Bathulapalli, H., Rosman, L., Gaffey, A. E., Davis, M. B., Brandt, C., & Haskell, S. G. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07595-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Current state and prospects of artificial intelligence in allergy
van Breugel, M., Fehrmann, R. S. N., Bügel, M., Rezwan, F. I., Holloway, J. W., Nawijn, M. C., Fontanella, S., Čustović, A., & Koppelman, G. H. (2023) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15849 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sex differences in acute cardiovascular care: a review and needs assessment
Vallabhajosyula, S., Verghese, D., Desai, V. K., Sundaragiri, P. R., & Miller, V. M. (2021) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvab063 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Pericàs, J. M., Hernández‐Meneses, M., Muñóz, P., Martínez‐Sellés, M., Álvarez‐Uría, A., de Alarcón, A., Gutiérrez‐Carretero, E., Goenaga, M. Á., Mj, Z., Falces, C., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab098 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Racial Implicit Bias and Communication Among Physicians in a Simulated Environment
González, C. M., Ark, T. K., Fisher, M. R., Marantz, P. R., Burgess, D. J., Milan, F. B., Samuel, M. T., Lypson, M. L., Rodríguez, C. J., & Kalet, A. L. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.2181 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Count me in: using a patient portal to minimize implicit bias in clinical research recruitment
Kannan, V., Wilkinson, K., Varghese, M., Lynch-Medick, S., Willett, D. L., Bosler, T., Chu, L., Gates, S., Holbein, M. E. B., Willett, M. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz038 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Impact of Sexism and Gender Stereotypes on the Legitimization of Women's Low Back Pain
Prego‐Jimenez, S., Pereda, E. P., Pérez-Tejada, J., Aliri, J., Goñi‐Balentziaga, O., & Labaka, A. (2022) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2022.03.008 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Verghese, D., Patlolla, S. H., Cheungpasitporn, W., Doshi, R. P., Miller, V. M., Jentzer, J. C., Jaffe, A. S., Holmes, D. R., & Vallabhajosyula, S. (2022) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2022.01.024 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Coding Inequity: Assessing GPT-4’s Potential for Perpetuating Racial and Gender Biases in HealthcarePreprint
Zack, T. I., Lehman, E., Süzgün, M., Rodriguez, J. A., Celi, L. A., Gichoya, J. W., Jurafsky, D., Peter Szolovits, B., Bates, D. W., Abdulnour, R.-E. E., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.07.13.23292577 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sharp, A. L., Baecker, A. S., Nassery, N., Park, S., Hassoon, A., Lee, M. S., Peterson, S., Pitts, S. I., Wang, Z., Zhu, Y., et al. (2020) · Diagnosis · doi:10.1515/dx-2020-0049 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Khraishah, H., Alahmad, B., Alfaddagh, A., Jeong, S. Y., Mathenge, N., Kassab, M. B., Kolte, D. S., Michos, E. D., & Albaghdadi, M. S. (2021) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2020-001470 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Gonzalez, C. M., Nava, S., List, J., Liguori, A., & Marantz, P. (2021) · MedEdPORTAL · doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11162 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Dewidar, O., Dawit, H., Barbeau, V. I., Birnie, D. H., Welch, V. A., & Wells, G. A. (2021) · CJC Open · doi:10.1016/j.cjco.2021.09.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Adair, T., Gamage, U. S. H., Mikkelsen, L., & Joshi, R. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006660 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Perman, S. M., Beaty, B. L., Daugherty, S. L., Havranek, E. P., Haukoos, J. S., Juarez‐Colunga, E., Bradley, S. M., Fendler, T. J., Chan, P. S., Grossestreuer, A. V., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.014200 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGonzalez, C. M., Onumah, C., Walker, S. A., Karp, E., Schwartz, R., & Lypson, M. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10168-w · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sex disparities in the current era of pediatric heart transplantation in the United States
Bhimani, S. A., Hsich, E., Boyle, G., Liu, W., Worley, S. E., Bostdorff, H., Nasman, C., Saarel, E. V., & Amdani, S. M. (2021) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2021.10.021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gender Bias in Medical Images Affects Students’ Implicit but not Explicit Gender Attitudes
Parker, R., Larkin, T., & Cockburn, J. (2018) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858418798832 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Female workers’ silicosis diagnosis delayed due to gender bias
Kerget, B., Araz, Ö., Uçar, E. Y., Karaman, A., Calik, M., Alper, F., & Akgün, M. (2019) · Occupational Medicine · doi:10.1093/occmed/kqz019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Azap, R. A., Hyer, J. M., Díaz, A., Tsilimigras, D. I., Mirdad, R. S., & Pawlik, T. M. (2020) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.26266 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gender differences, inequalities and biases in the management of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Mateo‐Rodríguez, I., Danet, A., Bolívar-Muñoz, J., Ortiz, F. R., García‐Mochón, L., & Daponte, A. (2021) · Journal of Healthcare Quality Research · doi:10.1016/j.jhqr.2021.10.010 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sex-Specific Association Between Genetic Risk of Psychiatric Disorders and Cardiovascular Diseases
Jiang, J.-C., Singh, K., Nitin, R., Davis, L. K., Wray, N. R., & Shah, S. H. (2024) · Circulation Genomic and Precision Medicine · doi:10.1161/circgen.124.004685 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Kalff, M. C., Dijksterhuis, W. P. M., Wagner, D., Oertelt‐Prigione, S., Verhoeven, R. H. A., Lemmens, V. E. P. P., van Laarhoven, H. W. M., Gisbertz, S. S., & Henegouwen, M. I. V. B. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2023.04.002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Barton, J. C., Wozniak, A. M., Scott, C., Chatterjee, A., Titterton, G. N., Corrigan, A. E., Kuri, A., Shah, V., Soh, I., & Kaski, J. C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12155163 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The influence of patient sex on pulmonary embolism evaluation, treatment modality, and outcomes
Newman, J. D., Bruno, E. S., Allen, S., Moore, J., Zilinyi, R. S., Khaliq, A., Alkhafan, F., Vitarello, C., Lookstein, R., Keeling, B., et al. (2024) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x241281872 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Disparities in Valvular Heart Failure Management
Ilonze, O. J., Free, K., Shinnerl, A., Lewsey, S. C., & Breathett, K. K. (2023) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2023.02.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Song, P. S., Kim, M., Seong, S.-W., Choi, S. W., Gwon, H., Hur, S., Rha, S., Yoon, C., Jeong, M. H., Jeong, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030541 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tertulien, T., Roberts, M. B., Eaton, C. B., Cené, C. W., Corbie-Smith, G. M., Manson, J. E., Allison, M., Nassir, R., & Breathett, K. K. (2022) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2021.12.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Tank, A., Hughey, R., Ward, R. P., Nägele, P., & Rubin, D. S. (2021) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000003984 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Bascom, E., Casanova-Pérez, R., Tobar, K., Bedmutha, M. S., Ramaswamy, H., Pratt, W., Sabin, J., Wood, B. R., Weibel, N., & Hartzler, A. L. (2024) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642756 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sex-Differences in Oral Anticoagulant-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Grundtvig, J. L. G., Ovesen, C., Steiner, T., Carcel, C., Gaist, D., Christensen, L. M., Marstrand, J. R., Meden, P., Rosenbaum, S., Iversen, H. K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.832903 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease in Women Across the Lifespan: The Importance of Sleep
Daugherty, S. L., Carter, J. R., & Bourjeily, G. R. (2020) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2020.8331 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, D. D. (2022) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2021.0141 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Noven, M. V., Anselmo, M. F., Tahsin, C. T., Carter, J. R., & Keller‐Ross, M. L. (2023) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00278.2023 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Implementation and design of artificial intelligence in abdominal imaging
Choi, H. H., Chang, S. D., & Kohli, M. D. (2020) · Abdominal Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00261-020-02471-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rivera, F. B., Salva, F., Gonzales, J. S. T., Cha, S. W., Tang, S., Lumbang, G. N. O., Kaur, G., Planek, M. I. C., Lara-Breitinger, K. M., Cruz, M. D., et al. (2024) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2024.2311707 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ahmed, R., Jamil, Y., Ramphul, K., Mactaggart, S., Bilal, M., Dulay, M. S., Shi, R., Azzu, A., Okafor, J., Memon, R. A., et al. (2024) · Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology · doi:10.1111/pace.15051 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Battling Bias in Primary Care Encounters: Informatics Designs to Support Clinicians
Dirks, L. G., Beneteau, E., Sabin, J., Pratt, W., Lane, C., Bascom, E., Casanova-Pérez, R., Rizvi, N., Weibel, N., & Hartzler, A. L. (2022) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3491101.3519825 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Implicit gender bias in the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes: A randomized online study
Skvortsova, A., Meeuwis, S. H., Vos, R. C., Vos, H. M. M., van Middendorp, H., Veldhuijzen, D. S., & Evers, A. W. M. (2023) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.15087 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zhao, P.-Y., Liu, C., Zhang, C., Hou, Y.-H., Zhang, X., Zhao, J., Sun, G., & Zhou, J. (2023) · Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2405126 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kipp, R. T., Kalscheur, M. M., Sheehy, A. M., Bartels, C. M., Kind, A., & Powell, W. R. (2022) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.027093 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Prevalence of COPD by age, sex, socioeconomic position and smoking status; a cross-sectional study
Levin, K. A., Anderson, D. R., & Crighton, E. M. (2020) · Health Education · doi:10.1108/he-06-2020-0044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Implicit Bias Against BIPOC Patients in Clinical Settings: A Qualitative Review
Kabir, R., & Zaidi, S. T. (2022) · Spectra Undergraduate Research Journal · doi:10.9741/2766-7227.1014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Ford, J. S., Chechi, T., Otmar, M., Baker, M., Waldman, S., Bustamante, B. L. M., Tan, D., Tran, N. K., & May, L. S. (2021) · Emergency Medicine Journal · doi:10.1136/emermed-2020-210331 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Disparities in diagnosis and outcomes in American patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis
Nouhossi, J. N., Minga, I., Szasz, T., Truong, V. T., Johnson, A. E., Yang, E., Kotlo, S., Subashchandran, V., Medina, F. A., Zaręba, K. M., et al. (2025) · The International Journal of Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s10554-025-03436-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dakhil, Z. A., Gitti, S. A., & Kaddoura, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2026.1659244 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Cima, J., Guimarães, P., & Almeida, Á. S. (2021) · Portuguese Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1159/000514798 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sex and Gender-related Disparities in Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Heart Transplantation
Sánchez, A. S., Martín, J. G., Bagudá, J. D. J., Morán-Fernández, L., Muñoz-Guijosa, C., Arribas, F., Delgado, J. F., & Carmena, M. D. G. (2024) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-024-00670-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A systematic review of healthcare experiences of women and men living with coronary heart disease
Brown, H. L., Lucas, J. J., Gauci, S., Brown, C. K., Brumby, S. A., Felmingham, T., Lee, C., Randall, S. M., Mnatzaganian, G., Robinson, S., et al. (2024) · npj Women s Health · doi:10.1038/s44294-024-00043-x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Creating an inclusive climate within pharmacy practice
Adams, K. K., & Brown, B. R. (2023) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2023.02.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Núñez, M., Allende, M. I., González, F., Cavada, G., Anderson, C. S., & Venturelli, P. M. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.035152 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Communicating Elective Sterilization: A Feminist Perspective
Davis, S. D., & Dubisar, A. M. (2019) · Rhetoric of Health & Medicine · doi:10.5744/rhm.2019.1004 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Israelsson, J., Carlsson, M., & Agerström, J. (2022) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2022.12.008 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Vicent, L., Rosillo, N., Moreno, G., Bodes, R. S., Goñi, C., Sobrino, J. L. B., Seara, G., & Bueno, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1202960 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Check, R., Kelly, B., Dunn, E., Stankewicz, H., Hakim, J., Arner, K., Ridley, K., Irick, J. C. B., Irick, M., Agresti, D., et al. (2021) · The American Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2021.10.040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stamenic, D., Fitzgerald, T., Gajewska, K. A., O’Neill, K., Bermingham, M., Cronin, J., Lynch, B., O’Brien, S. M., McHugh, S., Buckley, C. M., et al. (2024) · European Heart Journal - Quality of Care and Clinical Outcomes · doi:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcae014 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gabara, L., Hinton, J., Kira, M., Shambrook, J. S., Abbas, A., Wilding, S. A., Leipsic, J. A., Douglas, P. S., & Curzen, N. P. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.029950 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Al-Assadi, M. Y., Aljaber, N. N., Al-Habeet, A., Nono, O. A., & Al‐Motarreb, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2025.1481917 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Linguistic and Cultural Competence at Hospital Discharge
Austad, K., & Jack, B. W. (2023) · Journal of Healthcare Management Standards · doi:10.4018/jhms.330644 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Simioni, A., Yi, J. A., Imran, R., & Dua, A. (2023) · Seminars in Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2023.10.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Automatic Evaluation of Regularity and Semantic Decodability in Wallpaper Decorative Patterns
Fu, K., Zhang, Y., & Lin, X. (2019) · Perception · doi:10.1177/0301006619862142 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Barron, R. J., Mader, T. J., Knee, A. B., Wilson, D. M., Wolfe, J., Gemme, S. R., Dybas, S., & Soares, W. E. (2023) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.03.016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
ÖZDEMİR, G., & Ucar, G. K. (2021) · Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.7816/nesne-09-21-06 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perman, S. M., Wright, A. R., & Daugherty, S. L. (2021) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.05.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationMaughan, B. C., Redmond, A., Shim, Y., Patrick, N., Hildebrand, M. J., Kea, B., Choo, E. K., & Jarman, A. F. (2025) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2025.04.014 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Do PRO Measures Function the Same Way for all Individuals With Heart Failure?
Coles, T., Lin, L., Weinfurt, K. P., Reeve, B. B., Spertus, J. A., Mentz, R. J., Piña, I. L., Bocell, F. D., Tarver, M. E., Henke, D. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.05.017 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prognostic Value of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin in Women
Bisaccia, G., Ricci, F., Khanji, M. Y., Gaggi, G., Credico, A. D., Gallina, S., Baldassarre, A. D., & Ghinassi, B. (2022) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom12101496 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effects of sex on clinical outcomes of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Singapore
Li, T. Y., Yeo, S., Ngiam, J. N., Lee, C., Low, T. T., Lim, Y. C., Evangelista, L. K. M., Lee, E. C. Y., Sari, N. Y., Yeo, T., et al. (2023) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022344 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Martinez, K. A., Gudenkauf, B., Ratchford, E. V., Kim, E., & Sharma, G. V. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1352700 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dahlby, J. S., Larssen, B. C., & Boyd, L. A. (2024) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000481 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Grundtvig, J. L. G., Sværke, K., Preskou, M., Christensen, L. M., Steiner, T., & Christensen, H. (2025) · Global Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.gloepi.2025.100201 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Miller, R. G., Orchard, T. J., & Costacou, T. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-2258 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Medical gaslighting: conceptual and theoretical foundations
Noble, E. J. (2026) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-025-00247-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Screening for participants in the ISCHEMIA trial: Implications for clinical research
Rodríguez, F., Hochman, J. S., Xu, Y., Reynolds, H. R., Berger, J. S., Mavromichalis, S., Newman, J. D., Bangalore, S., & Maron, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2022.428 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Daugherty, S. L., Blair, I. V., Havranek, E. P., Furniss, A., Dickinson, L. M., Karimkhani, E., Main, D. S., & Masoudi, F. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Denver Health Medical Center (US)
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Corresponding author
- Daugherty, Stacie L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Heart Association
- Published
- 2017-12-02
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 12
- ISSN
- 2047-9980 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5779009
- OpenAlex
- W2769597399
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 6.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of the American Heart Association (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CU Scholar (University of Colorado Boulder) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL133343, K08HL103776)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Diversity and Career in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Family Practice › Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills
- Keywords
- implicit gender bias, gender disparities, cardiovascular testing, cardiologists, coronary artery disease, stress testing, angiography, treadmill exercise testing, clinical decision-making, Implicit Association Test, patient gender
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Decision-Making, Cardiologists, Exercise Test, Humans, Sex Factors, United States, Sex Distribution, Healthcare Disparities
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
