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Implicit Social Cognition
Abstract
In the last 20 years, research on implicit social cognition has established that social judgments and behavior are guided by attitudes and stereotypes of which the actor may lack awareness. Research using the methods of implicit social cognition has produced the concept of implicit bias, which has generated wide attention not only in social, clinical, and developmental psychology, but also in disciplines outside of psychology, including business, law, criminal justice, medicine, education, and political science. Although this rapidly growing body of research offers prospects of useful societal applications, the theory needed to confidently guide those applications remains insufficiently developed. This article describes the methods that have been developed, the findings that have been obtained, and the theoretical questions that remain to be answered.
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Many indirect measures suffer from low reliability, with the IAT and AMP being exceptions, and for indirect measures with low reliability, discrepancies with direct measures may be driven by reliability differences rather than lack of awareness.
“many indirect measures suffer from low reliability, the only exception being the IAT and the AMP (Gawronski & De Houwer 2014, Greenwald & Lai 2020). Thus, for indirect mea- sures with low reliability, discrepancies with direct measures may be driven by differences in their reliability rather than by lack of awareness (Cunningham et al. 2001).”
From Unawareness of Attitudes, Their Environmental Causes, and Their Behavioral Effects (2025) · cites this paper as Greenwald & Lai 2020
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Metadata
- Authors
- Greenwald, A. G., & Lai, C. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2020-01-04
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 419-445
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2982210885
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 7.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- implicit social cognition, implicit bias, implicit attitudes, stereotypes, social judgment, implicit associations
- MeSH terms
- Attitude, Humans, Social Behavior, Social Perception
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