Cited by 6,682Social and Intergroup PsychologyRacial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes

Greenwald, Anthony G., Banaji, Mahzarin R.·1995·Psychological Review

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Abstract

Social behavior is ordinarily treated as being under conscious (if not always thoughtful) control. However, considerable evidence now supports the view that social behavior often operates in an implicit or unconscious fashion. The identifying feature of implicit cognition is that past experience influences judgment in a fashion not introspectively known by the actor. The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology. Methodologically, this review calls for increased use of indirect measures--which are imperative in studies of implicit cognition. The theorized ordinariness of implicit stereotyping is consistent with recent findings of discrimination by people who explicitly disavow prejudice. The finding that implicit cognitive effects are often reduced by focusing judges' attention on their judgment task provides a basis for evaluating applications (such as affirmative action) aimed at reducing such unintended discrimination.

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The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation
Cunningham, W. A., Zelazo, P. D., Packer, D. J., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2007) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.736 · Cited by 322

Authors: Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Yale University (US)
ORCID: Greenwald, Anthony G.
Banaji, Mahzarin R.
Venue: Psychological Review
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1995
Volume: 102
Issue: 1
Pages: 4-27
ISSN: 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
1939-1471
DOI: 10.1037/0033-295x.102.1.4
OpenAlex: W1965514675
Cited by: 6,682
References: 297
Citations by year: 2026: 208 · 2025: 313 · 2024: 283 · 2023: 336 · 2022: 326 · 2021: 304 · 2020: 501 · 2019: 379 · 2018: 294 · 2017: 284 · 2016: 300 · 2015: 270 · 2014: 256 · 2013: 267 · 2012: 253
FWCI: 232.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9205890, 9120987)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH041328, MH41328)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: implicit cognition, implicit attitudes, self-esteem, implicit stereotypes, prejudice, indirect measures, attentional focus, discrimination, affirmative action, construct validity
MeSH terms: Attitude, Humans, Prejudice, Self Concept, Social Behavior, Social Perception, Stereotyping, Unconscious, Psychology

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Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes

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