The DOI matches its Crossref record; 246 of the 254 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social intuitionist approach to moral judgment.
Abstract
Research on moral judgment has been dominated by rationalist models, in which moral judgment is thought to be caused by moral reasoning. The author gives 4 reasons for considering the hypothesis that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather, moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction, generated after a judgment has been reached. The social intuitionist model is presented as an alternative to rationalist models. The model is a social model in that it deemphasizes the private reasoning done by individuals and emphasizes instead the importance of social and cultural influences. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions). The model is more consistent that rationalist models with recent findings in social, cultural, evolutionary, and biological psychology, as well as in anthropology and primatology.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“However, since moral values appear to be deeply-held, stable across time, and resistant to change 11 – 13 , a parallel literature on moral cognition makes a different prediction: insofar as punishment is a method of restoring justice following a moral violation, punitive preferences should be less susceptible to group influence.”
From Crowdsourcing punishment: Individuals reference group preferences to inform their own punitive decisions (2019) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The behaviour of individuals living in communities is regulated by moral norms and values 158-162 .”
From Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response (2020) · cites this paper as [159]
In the citing paper
“Haidt [26], for example, has argued that quick, automatic processes drive moral judgment while reflective processes play a more ad hoc role.”
From Anthropomorphism in AI: hype and fallacy (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
In the citing paper
“Research from social psychology suggests that when individuals encounter others who use fundamentally different moral philosophies to guide behavior, we tend to judge those others as immoral, rather than simply using a different moral perspective (Haidt, 2001(Haidt, , 2012)).”
From Taking Stock of Moral Approaches to Leadership: An Integrative Review of Ethical, Authentic, and Servant Leadership (2019) · cites this paper as Haidt, 2001
In the citing paper
“Influential theories in psychology maintain that our moral sense is shaped by the social world (1)”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Most existing research takes a dyadic perspective to study the social transmission of morality; typically, one person (such as a child) is exposed to another's ideas (e.g., parent) through behavior or communication (1,2).”
From Emotion shapes the diffusion of moralized content in social networks (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“As noted, other research suggests that moral judgments are often based on moral intuitions or heuristics [1], leading to quick and simple judgments.”
From The Importance of Moral Construal: Moral versus Non-Moral Construal Elicits Faster, More Extreme, Universal Evaluations of the Same Actions (2012) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, disgust also affects our moral judgment [38,40,42].”
From Fatal attraction: the intuitive appeal of GMO opposition (2015) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“This caveat might have contributed to the similar results in the meta-analyses on moral cognition and on ToM (rather than on empathy), given that emotion processing is thought to play a paramount role in real-world moral cognition (Krebs 2008; Tangney et al. 2007; Haidt 2001).”
From Parsing the neural correlates of moral cognition: ALE meta-analysis on morality, theory of mind, and empathy (2012) · cites this paper as Haidt 2001
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241
Advances In Experimental Social Psychology
(2022) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(22)x0002-6 · Cited by 22,559
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The Social Construction of Reality
Rose, D. M., Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1967) · Modern Language Journal · doi:10.2307/323448 · Cited by 13,850
Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things
Lakoff, G. P. (1987) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226471013.001.0001 · Cited by 13,358
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · cited 7×
“To say that moral reasoning is a conscious process means that the process is intentional, effortful, and controllable and that the reasoner is aware that it is going on (Bargh, 1994).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542
Research works printed but not linked: 26
- Black, 1998, Neuronal plasticity and the developing brain., 31
- Chen, 1999, The heuristic-systematic model in its broader context., 73
- D'Andrade, 1984, Cultural meaning systems., 88
- Darwin, 1998, The descent of man.
- de Waal, 1982, Chimpanzee politics.
- Frijda, 1986, The emotions.
- Hare, 1993, Without conscience.
- Harrison, 1967, Ethical objectivism., Vols. 3-4, 71
- Huttenlocher, 1994, Synaptogenesis, synapse elimination, and neural plasticity in human cerebral cortex., Vol. 27, 35
- Kagan, 1984, The nature of the child.
- Kant, 1959, Foundation of the metaphysics of morals (L. W. Beck. Trans.).
- Kohlberg, 1969, Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization., 347
- Lapsley, 1996, Moral psychology.
- Margolis, 1987, Patterns, thinking, and cognition.
- Mednick, 1982, Biology and violence., 21
- Mischel, 1976, A cognitive social-learning approach to morality and self-regulation., 84
- Newcomb, 1943, Personality and social change: Attitude formation in a student community.
- Pavlov, 1927, Conditioned reflexes.
- Perkins, 1983, Difficulties in everyday reasoning., 177
- Premack, 1995, Origins of human social competence., 205
- Rozin, 2000, Disgust., 637
- Shweder, 1997, The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity), and the "big three" explanations of suffering., 119
- Singer, 1994, Rethinking life and death.
- Solomon, 1993, The philosophy of emotions., 3
- Solomon, 1991, A terror management theory of social behavior., 93
- Williams, 1967, Rationalism., Vols. 7-8, 69
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 6,201–6,300 of 8,792
When Do Secondary Stakeholder Attacks Matter to Analysts? The Role of Analysts’ Political IdeologyPreprint
Sadri, M., Mohammadi, A., & Khashabi, P. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4456578 · Cited by 1
Expected Ethical Values of Executive Leaders
Nmai, B. N. (2023) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2023-15576 · Cited by 1
(2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80382-851-020231011 · Cited by 1
La intensidad moral y la toma de decisiones éticas individuales en los negocios
Elías, J. A. O. (2018) · UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-115041 · Cited by 1
Ethics, aesthetics, and moral imagination
ten Have, H. (2023) · International Journal of Ethics Education · doi:10.1007/s40889-023-00177-7 · Cited by 1
Brandt, E., & Conway, P. J. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4607975 · Cited by 1
Editor’s Essay: Reflections, Resolutions, and Outlook for the New Year
Yang, S., & Browning, N. (2024) · Journal of Public Relations Research · doi:10.1080/1062726x.2024.2304473 · Cited by 1
Morality and Normative Cognition: Categories of Norms in Moral Psychology and Across CulturePreprint
Bagiński, M. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xs9ef · Cited by 1
(2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573592.002.0008 · Cited by 1
Quantum-Emergent Consciousness Model (QECM) for Artificial SystemsPreprint
Wilson, J. J. (2024) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/t9mfa · Cited by 1
Symposium on Habitual Ethics? A reply
Delacroix, S. (2024) · Jurisprudence · doi:10.1080/20403313.2024.2322340 · Cited by 1
Osborne, M. R., Cratsley, M. J., Massey, M., & Rice, V. (2024) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/tc5vq · Cited by 1
Tobia, K. (2025) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009170901.001 · Cited by 1
Agreeing to Disagree: Human-AI Collaboration in Ethical Decision-MakingPreprint
Cunningham, C., Baik, R. L., Boussioux, L., & Nageswaran, L. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5262517 · Cited by 1
Public opinion and the morality of drug use : experimental and time-series analyses
Kuettel, B. T. (2023) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/k6jy-e0ga · Cited by 1
Philosophical arguments can boost charitable givingPreprint
Brodie, K., Schwitzgebel, E., Nemirow, J., & Cushman, F. A. (2025) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5v2md_v1 · Cited by 1
Black Box Deployed -- Functional Criteria for Artificial Moral Agents in the LLM EraPreprint
Brophy, M. (2025) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2507.13175 · Cited by 1
An Accessible Identity Approach to Understanding Fairness in Organizational Settings
Skitka, L. J., & Bravo, J. (2005) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-775-620251008 · Cited by 1
Kemp, D. (2018) · eCommons (Cornell University) · doi:10.7298/x4rv0kz9 · Cited by 1
Schulz, K. (2011) · Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) · Cited by 1
The Futures of Environmental Ethics: A comparative analysis of bio- and eco-ethics.
Voinov, C.-A. (2021) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 1
Wilke, J. (2024) · Carl von Ossiezky University of Oldenburg · Cited by 1
Пономарев, Н., Игоревич, Б. К., Александрович, К. К., & Рябинин, К. (2023) · doi:10.24108/preprints-3112665 · Cited by 1
La rationalité des mortels : les pensées de mort perturbent les processus analytiques
Trémolière, B. (2013) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/9bfa750dz244dz4ac1za9adz8ccd26a9dac2 · Cited by 1
Raisonnement et Argumentation : une approche interculturelle et développementale
Castelain, T. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/efa0737fze71dz42d0zad8cz315bcc27aa8e · Cited by 1
Jugement éthique pour la décision et la coopération dans les systèmes multi-agents
Cointe, N. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fcad88f4z81a7z472fz8b54z4293cbf833ec · Cited by 1
Étude sémiotique des émotions complexes animales : des signes pour le dire
Delahaye, P. S. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/44df44e3zba06z4b23za869z70c757fe565b · Cited by 1
Essays in Economic Psychology of Tax Evasion Behavior
Malézieux, A. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/23f77031z90b4z483bza687z71b03f7b0fcb · Cited by 1
Kervinio, Y. (2016) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7e79248czcb5dz4984z8667za2f2672b3caa · Cited by 1
Stoltz, S. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7cf4dc64z4ffbz46c0z8862zc00f6703cbd7 · Cited by 1
Horberg, E. J., & Keltner, D. J. (2007) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-60752-466-320251011 · Cited by 1
Hamidavi, A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11498569/v1 · Cited by 1
Rational choice and moral intent in the responsible conduct of research
Gordon, A. M. (2012) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-1461 · Cited by 1
Chears-Young, J. B. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
The role of emotion in practical rationality
Simpson, R. J. (2014) · Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) · Cited by 1
Limits of Interventions in AI-Assisted Decision Making
Shrestha, S., Ahn, E., & Vorobeychik, Y. (2026) · Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society · doi:10.1609/aies.v9i4.43309
Naturalizing Intuition: A Cognitive Science Approach to Moral Cognitions
Kuntz, J. R. (2007)
"You Cannot Cheat the Footwork"
Schick, L. (2005) · Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-27550-9_9
What Ethics Is, What It Is Not, and How We Are Going to Proceed
Boddington, P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23699-0_3
Heest, V. F., & Joseph, T. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Ethical Inquiry as Problem-Resolution: Objectivity, Progress, and Deliberation.
Roth, A. (2010) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Imagination et perception morale
Gibert, M. (2012) · doi:10.71781/16188
Birth-Related Brain Injuries: Torts in TroublePreprint
Giard, R. W. M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2215103
Grundlagenkapitel I: Moral – Warum Versicherungsbetrug oft als Kavaliersdelikt gilt
Köneke, V., Müller-Peters, H., & Fetchenhauer, D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8349-6943-9_6
Signatures of the neurocognitive basis of culture wars found in moral psychology dataPreprint
Caticha, N., & Vicente, R. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Dinámica de las redes cerebrales en la apreciación estética
Cela‐Conde, C. J. (2016) · Ludus vitalis: revista de filosofía de las ciencias de la vida = journal of philosophy of life sciences = revue de philosophie des sciences de la vie
Supporting opinion-forming of secondary biology students on SynBio-related SSIs
Ripken, G. C. (2015) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
The Multiple Mini-Interview (MMI) in medical student selection
Michael, D. (2012)
Intuicja i racjonalne myślenie w zarządzaniu
Szaban, J. M. (2012) · Wspolczesne Zarzadzanie Kwartalnik srodowisk naukowych i liderów biznesu
Intuitiver Sinn und philosophische Reflexion
Dittmer, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-01547-3_6
Low, T. (2012) · University of Bedfordshire Repository (University of Bedfordshire)
Moral Principles and Political Ideology: Exploring the Mediating Role of Abstract Value Endorsements
Washburn, A. N. (2013) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University)
Cotton, M. (2014) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45088-4_7
Ethical Coping: Deep and Shallow Approaches to Ethical Choice
Roman, R. M. (2006) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Pragmatism, Public Deliberation and Technology Ethics
Cotton, M. (2014) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45088-4_3
Powell, N. L. (2013) · University of Birmingham Institutional Research Archive (University of Birmingham)
Mınnameıer, G. (2006) · VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-90204-3_3
What Role does Prejudice Play in Moral Decision-Making?
Bland, C. G. (2004) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e741612011-004
Social constraints on human agency
Paraskevaides, A. (2011) · OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)
Gollan, T., & Witte, E. H. (2008) · PsyDok Dokumentenserver für die Psychologie (Leibniz-Zentrum für Psychologische Information und Dokumentation) · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.9164
Professional Role Requirements and Universal Morals
Beck, K. (2013) · SensePublishers eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-6209-191-7_4
Roberson, Q. M., & Parks, G. S. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1248302
Moral Transgressions & Aggression: Investigating the I in Imperative
Aoki, J. T. (2012)
Rage, rancour and revenge: existentialist motives in international relations
Brodersen, R. M. (2014) · London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science)
Voelker, P. J. (2011) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago)
Recognition and Importance of Ethical Factors in Accountants' Decision Making
Fiolleau, K. (2013) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3k10g
Moral als psychische Disposition? Ein sozialpsychologischer Blick
Schmerl, C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-531-19463-9_5
Psychology and Business Ethics
Kluver, J. R., Frazier, R. S., & Haidt, J. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118785317.weom020018
Self-citationThe affective consequences of expressing moral convictions
Sandberg, L. D. (2014) · Loyola eCommons (Loyola University of Chicago)
Neuroscience and Metaethics: A Kantian Hypothesis
Mordacci, R. (2009) · Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele
Moral intuitions in reflective equilibrium: applying scientific methodology to ethics.
Brophy, M. (2009) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
Hiraishi, H. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/17566
Examining Moral Conflict as a Form of Prejudice
Parker, M. T. (2023) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/566797
Reason and Emotion in the Ethics of Self‐Restraint
Morris, D. A. (2014) · Journal of Religious Ethics · doi:10.1111/jore.12067
Affective Intuition and Rule Deployment: The Dénouement of Moral Judgment
Dhar, S. (2010) · PhilPapers (PhilPapers Foundation)
Me, Myself, and my Community. Antecedents, Processes, and Effects of Adolescent Volunteering
van Goethem, A. A. J. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Clipsham, P. (2012) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Gauthier, É. (2011) · Archipel (Université du Québec à Montréal)
Power in Contemporary Legal Thought: Postmodernism versus Behavioral BiologyPreprint
Fruehwald, E. S. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1890945
The evidential weight of considered moral judgments
Cloos, C. M. (2009) · San José State University ScholarWorks (San Jose State University) · doi:10.31979/etd.28pf-kx6u
Coping with Bargains in the Ultimatum Game: The Triple Circuit Hypothesis
Machado, Á. M., Britto, L. R., & Ferracioli-Oda, E. (2011) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México)
Una aproximación psicológica al juicio moral
Tovar, J. J. D. B. (2007) · Saga - Revista de Estudiantes de Filosofía
Lazary, D. (2012) · Library and Archives Canada (Government of Canada) · doi:10.20381/ruor-5391
Gottlieb, S. (2010) · DigitalCommons-Macalester (Macalester College)
Social Engineering hits Social Commerce
Degenhardt, W., & Wiele, J. (2010) · Vieweg+Teubner eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-8348-9363-5_16
Theories of Concepts and Ethics
Park, J. J. (2013) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
A defence of metaphysical ethical naturalism
Chonabayashi, R. (2012) · UPT. Syiah Kuala University Library (Syiah Kuala University)
Black, X. M. (2009) · Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology)
de Pasquale, J.-F. (2011) · Philosophiques · doi:10.7202/1007465ar
What Were They Thinking? An Experimental Investigation of Child Sexual Offenders' Beliefs.
Keown, K. (2008) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16945342.v1
Turton, D. M. (2008) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16949008.v1
Reflections on Human Vulnerability and the Rabbinic Perspective on Medical Ethics
Barilan, Y. M. (2014) · Advancing global bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8736-9_10
Motive, Character and the Moral Good: Elaboration on a Footnote
Philip, T. J. (2014) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago)
Informing Moral Decisions with Religious Images: An Examination of Associative Priming
Cavrak, S. E. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/4843817
La mente moral corporizada: aproximación a la naturaleza embodied de la cognición moral
Rosa, A. O. L. (2013) · Pensando Psicología · doi:10.16925/pe.v9i16.621
Meaning, Morality, and Fluid Compensation in Response to Attitude Threat
Wetherell, G. A. (2012) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Haidt, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Haidt, Jonathan
- ORCID
- Haidt, Jonathan
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2001
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 814-834
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2123791568
- Semantic Scholar
- b74e8da297574fd071d4b48b7aa94ea16861aea6
- Cited by
- 8,048
- References
- 254
- Citations by year
- 2026: 365 · 2025: 479 · 2024: 360 · 2023: 447 · 2022: 497 · 2021: 468 · 2020: 535 · 2019: 511 · 2018: 405 · 2017: 401 · 2016: 408 · 2015: 416 · 2014: 436 · 2013: 433 · 2012: 369
- FWCI
- 16.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03da012606-01)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (1-RO3-DA12606-01)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Psychology of Moral and Emotional Judgment
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Ethics in Business and Education
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Keywords
- moral judgment, moral reasoning, social intuitionism, moral intuitions, automated assessment, evolutionary psychology of morality
- MeSH terms
- Emotions, Humans, Morals, Problem Solving, Social Perception, Social Values, Intuition
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
