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Attention gating in short-term visual memory.
Abstract
Subjects first detected a target embedded in a stream of letters presented at the left of fixation and then, as quickly as possible, shifted their attention to a stream of numerals at the right of fixation. They attempted to report, in order, the four earliest occurring numerals after the target. Numerals appeared at rates of 4.6,6.9,9.2, and 13.4/s. Scaling analyses were made of (a) item scores, P,(r), the probability of a numeral from stimulus position i appearing in response position r,r = (l,2,3, 4), and (b) order scores, PiBj, the probability that a numeral from stimulus position / ' appeared earlier in the response than one from stimulus position;'. For all subjects, targets, and numeral rates, the relative position of numerals in the response sequence showed clustering, disorder, and folding. Reported numerals tended to cluster around a stimulus position 400 ms after the target. The numerals were reported in an apparently haphazard order—at high numeral rates, inverted iBj pairs were as frequent as correct pairs. The actual order of report resulted from a mixture of correctly ordered numerals with numerals ordered in the direction opposite to their order of presentation (folding around the cluster center). These results are quantitatively described by a strength theory of order (precedence) and are efficiently predicted by a computational attention gating model (AGM). The AGM makes quantitatively correct predictions of over 500 values ofPt(r), PIBj in 12 conditions with two attention
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“Iconic memory needs to be refreshed every 200 ms (Reeves & Sperling, 1986).”
From On Distinguishing Epistemic from Pragmatic Action (1994) · cites this paper as Reeves & Sperling, 1986
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“The temporal order illusion documented by Reeves and Sperling (1986) is also unlikely to be a factor in the MOD, since Reeves and Sperling’ s errors occurred only at faster rates than those used in the present experiments and were accompanied by an attentional blink.”
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“This idea is nothing new, and has been demonstrated within the context of RSVP (see, e.g., Nieuwenstein & Potter, 2006; Olivers et al., 2007; Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987).”
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“In recent years, ideas of transient attentional enhancement (Müller & Rabbitt, 1989; Nakayama & Mackeben, 1989; Reeves & Sperling, 1986; Weichselgartner & Sperling, 1987) have been included in theories of RSVP processing, for instance the (e)STST model (Bowman & Wyble, 2007; Wyble, Bowman, &…”
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“This hypothesis is reminiscent of the long-standing notion of prior entry, which supposes that stimuli that are attentionally selected are processed more quickly than unattended stimuli (Titchener 1908; Reeves and Sperling 1986; Shore et al. 2001; Spence et al. 2001).”
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A Match Made by Modafinil: Probability Matching in Choice Decisions and Spatial Attention
Geng, J. J., Soosman, S. K., Sun, Y., DiQuattro, N. E., Stankevich, B. A., & Minzenberg, M. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00333 · Cited by 10
An analysis of visual masking, with a defense of 'Stopped Processing'
Reeves, A. (2007) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0014-3 · Cited by 8
Self-citationvan Beest, E. H., Abdelwahab, M. A. O., Cazemier, J. L., Baltira, C., Maes, M. C., Peri, B. D., Self, M. W., Willuhn, I., & Roelfsema, P. R. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.110753 · Cited by 7
Blue-light background impairs visual exogenous attention shift
Yang, C.-C., Tsujimura, S., & Yeh, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24862-7 · Cited by 8
The 'anti-shift': Shifting attention opposite to a saccade
Reeves, A., & McLellan, J. S. (2020) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2019.06.009 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAttention as a Unitary Concept
Reeves, A. (2020) · Vision · doi:10.3390/vision4040048 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAlcohol Cues Impair Learning Inhibitory Signals in Beer Drinkers
Laude, J. R., & Fillmore, M. T. (2015) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12690 · Cited by 7
“…irrelevant cues exist in the environment, the ability to learn these kinds of associations would enable one to dismiss irrelevant information (Reeves and Sperling, 1986; Smith and Ratcliff, 2009; Sperling and Weichselgartner, 1995), allowing for cognitive resources to be reserved for…”
Delay of selective attention during the attentional blink
Hanus, D., Vul, E., & Kanwisher, N. (2010) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/8.6.6 · Cited by 7
Selective Attention Tasks in Clinical and Cognitive Research.
Yiend, J., Mathews, A., & Cowan, N. (2005) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10870-004 · Cited by 7
The perceptual wink model of non-switching attentional blink tasks
Rusconi, P., & Huber, D. E. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1385-6 · Cited by 7
“The final form of a switching AB model should be an extension of the already existing formal theories of switching dynamics (Reeves & Sperling, 1986).”
BackgroundDiscretized Theta-Rhythm Perception Revealed by Moving Stimuli
Nakayama, R., Motoyoshi, I., & Satô, T. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24131-6 · Cited by 7
On the proper treatment of the connection between connectionism and symbolism
Antony, L., & Levine, J. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00052444 · Cited by 7
Internal attentional switching: Effects of predictability, complexity and practice
García-Ogueta, M. I. (1993) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(93)90032-m · Cited by 7
The reality of the symbolic and subsymbolic systems
Woodfield, A., & Morton, A. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0005278x · Cited by 7
Some assumptions underlying Smolensky's treatment of connectionism
Dietrich, E., & Fields, C. (1988) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0005250x · Cited by 7
The Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Test of Sexual Interest in Child Molesters
Flak, V. E., Beech, A. R., & Humphreys, G. W. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470747551.ch7 · Cited by 7
Kohly, R. P., & Regan, D. M. (2002) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00031-7 · Cited by 7
Dissipation of retroactive interference in human infants.
Gulya, M., Rossi‐George, A., & Rovee‐Collier, C. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Animal Behavior Processes · doi:10.1037//0097-7403.28.2.151 · Cited by 7
Mere presence of distractors: Another determining factor for the attentional blink1
Kawahara, J. (2003) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/1468-5884.t01-1-00042 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Reeves, A., & Sperling, G.
- Affiliations
- Northeastern University (US)
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 1986
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 180-206
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- OpenAlex
- W2119524737
- Cited by
- 422
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 15.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- attentional gating, visual short-term memory, attentional blink, target detection, precedence, stimulus presentation rate
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Form Perception, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychophysics, Visual Fields
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